Industrial REVOLUTION World History 3219 February 2017

Overview For thousands of years following the Neolithic Revolution & rise of civilization, most people lived and worked in small farming villages. When analyzing how people lived, most Europeans in 1700 had more in common with the ancient world than with us However, a chain of events in the mid-1700s changed that way of life…this was the Industrial Revolution.

Overview The Industrial Revolution was the process by which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machinery. The changes it brought affected people’s lives as much as any political revolution. But unlike a political revolution, it happened gradually By 1900, industrialization had spread from Britain throughout Europe and the USA transforming the West into the dominant region of the World After the Neolithic Revolution, the Industrial Revolution is considered by many to be the most significant period of change in human history.

Life in 18th century Europe Why was it like before the Industrial Revolution? Daily life in pre-industrial times changed very little for Europeans Majority of people lived & worked in rural area most people worked the land using hand-made tools

Life in 18th century Europe Why was it like before the Industrial Revolution? From 1300 to 1750, for the average peasant, people’s work and social life mixed, as families lived on small plots of land, growing crops mostly for home consumption. living in simple cottages lit by firelight & candles Little travel from village (walking or horse-drawn cart)

Life in 19th century Europe Major changes due to industrialization Rural way of life gave way to industrial towns and cities People were able to buy food and clothing produced by someone else People could travel great distances, more rapidly by train or steamship Messages were sent along telegraph wires New inventions and scientific “firsts” were emerging to improve the lives of people These changes would be even more stunning into the twentieth century

Pre-industrial economy Prior to the 18th century Industrial Revolution, economic life was characterized by the following: • primarily subsistence based; • goods were produced on a small scale, normally by hand (e.g.,putting-out / cottage system); and • there was little machinery, most of which was human or animal powered.

Subsistence Prior to the 18th century, agriculture was much the same throughout Europe and had been since the Middle Ages with each villager subsistent farming their own strips of land Subsistence farming is when a farmer only grows enough food, or earns enough from his crop, to meet the basic needs of his family

Putting out / Cottage Industry Rural industry was a major pillar of European economic life prior to the Ind Rev Prior to the Ind Rev, and even during its early years, entrepreneurs provided poor families with raw materials for spinning, weaver, and garment making in their own homes This was the Cottage Industry

Putting out / Cottage Industry The Cottage Industry, used to produce inexpensive cotton goods, involved the following: Spinners made cotton thread from raw cotton Weavers wove the cotton thread into cloth on looms A series of tech innovations in the 18th century made the cottage industry inefficient

Little Machinery, Prior to the Industrial Revolution, wind, water, tide and muscle - both animal and human - provided sources of energy which neither caused pollution nor depleted finite natural resources. The muscle-power of both men and animals has been used to drive machines since ancient times

The Changing nature of work In the mid – 1700s, an Industrial Revolution began in Britain that transformed the way work was done Rather than making goods by hand, new machines mass- produced products which lowered costs, increased profits, & changed the way people lived Britain’s industrialization occurred following innovations in agriculture and power generation

Agricultural Revolution In the 18th century, Britain experienced rapid changes in agriculture centering on the following: New foods Crop rotation Technology innovations Livestock Breeding Techniques Enclosure movement

New Foods The Columbian Exchange had created a revolution in diet New foods from the New World became increasingly available in the 17th & 18th centuries Potatoes & corn were among the most important (highly nutritious, cheap & relatively easy to grow) contributed to improved diets & a healthier population

Crop Rotation Before Charles Townshend developed crop rotation, farmers left a field fallow Fallow meant a field wasn’t farmed for a period of time in order to restore its fertility Fallow decreased production By using crop rotation, Townshend increase production and the different crops would replenish the nutrients in the soil It increased the food for humans & animals

Improved farming techniques New tech led to improved farming methods Iron ploughs emerged to replace wooden ones Seed drills led to more efficient planting which resulted in high crop yields Mechanical harvesters emerged to increase production

Livestock Breeding Techniques Livestock breeders improved their methods too creating larger and healthier animals. In the 1700s, for example, Robert Bakewell increased his mutton (sheep meat) output by allowing only his best sheep to breed. Between 1700 and 1786, the average weight for lambs climbed from 18 to 50 pounds. Other farmers followed Bakewell’s lead with cattle and other livestock

Enclosure movement Enclosure is when land that was traditionally held and used in common is fenced by private owners. Enclosure in England occurred between 1750 & 1860 as a result of parliamentary acts.

Enclosure movement This resulted in larger, more efficient farms that required less labor. Many English peasants, who were no longer able to graze sheep and cattle or live off the land, were forced to move to the cities for employment.

From Agricultural to Industrial With more food there were constant improvements in diets / health / life span Led to population increases (a sharp increase of from 1801 to 1901 by over 22 million). More population led to new demands for manufactured products

From Agricultural to Industrial Without the Agricultural Revolution, the growing population of England would have starved, and the Industrial Revolution would have been stifled. With more efficient farming methods / practices, & the enclosure movement, a large labour force was created to work in British industry…..many people moved to cities look for work

From Agricultural to Industrial

Textiles Industrialize First The Industrial Revolution that started in Britain was spurred by a revolution in technology It started in the textile industry, where inventions in the late 1700s transformed the manufacture of cloth The demand for clothing in Britain had greatly increased as a result of the population boom caused by the agricultural revolution The factory system replaced the cottage industry Progress in the textile industry spurred other industrial developments

Complete the following Worksheets The following activities will help you gain a better understanding of the events surrounding the industrialization of Great Britain between 1750 – 19th century 16: Changes in the Textile Industry (textbook) 16: Improvements in Transportation (textbook) 16: What were the main industrial changes during the Industrial Revolution? 16: Historical Significance (textbook)