Hard and Soft Power

Definitions: Hard Power Hard power refers to coercive tactics: the threat or use of armed forces, economic pressure or sanctions, assassination and deception, or other forms of intimidation.

Definitions: Hard Power Hard power is generally associated to the stronger of nations, as the ability to change the domestic affairs of other nations through military threats.

Definitions: Soft Power   "[Soft power] is the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a country's culture, political ideals, and policies. When our policies are seen as legitimate in the eyes of others, our soft power is enhanced."  Joseph S. Nye, Jr.

Definitions: Soft Power However . . . A well run military can be a source of attraction Example . . . Napoleon I image as a Great General and military hero arguably attracted much of the foreign aristocracy to him. Hitler? Stalin?

Examples of Hard and Soft Power At your table groups brainstorm possible examples of hard and soft power Can be past and present Renaissance, Reformation, Monarchs? Need to be able to explain why What would Machiavelli think?

Hard/Soft Power Spectrum In small groups you will create a spectrum of different examples of both hard/soft power You need to have 10 examples total throughout the spectrum You must include Macbeth and Martin Luther in your spectrum For each example, you need to justify their location on the spectrum Aim to have a variety – not just all hard power Soft Power Moderate Hard Power

The Rise of Prussia

Prussia Another state to emerge from the Holy Roman Empire Beginning of German unity – sort of Prussia – Northern Germany – Berlin area Frederick William I is King Sees destruction of Thirty Years War and vows to always have a strong army Prussia becomes a military state

Prussia Develops Monarchies Ruling and ambitious family Created one of the best armies Developing an absolute monarch Permanent taxation Weakened representative assemblies Rigidly controlled – highly militarized society

Frederick the Great Son of Frederick William I Tried to follow military footsteps of his father Softened some rules Encouraged religious tolerance legal reform A prince… is only the first servant of the state, who is obliged to act with probity (honesty) and prudence… As the sovereign is properly the head of a family of citizens, the father of his people, he ought on all occasions to be the last refuge of the unfortunate.

The first characteristic of the sovereign prince is the power to make general and special laws, but – and this qualification is important – without the consent of superiors, equals or inferiors. If the prince requires the consent of superiors, then he is a subject himself; if that of equals, he shares his authority with others; if that of his subjects, senate or people, he is not sovereign.

The Hapsburg Family

Austria Grows stronger Austrian Hapsburg take steps to become monarchs 1. During the thirty years’ war they conquer Bohemia – created a new Czech nobility 2. Centralized the government and created a standing army 3. Retake Hungary from the Ottoman Empire Charles VI becomes ruler

Hapsburg continue their power Charles VI wanted to make sure the power would stay with the family Persuaded other leaders to agree to recognize his eldest daughter as his heir Does this sound familiar?? This agreement stated… Guaranteed a peaceful reign What actually happened… Faced many years of war Main enemy was Prussia

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) Maria Theresa bribed Hungary into staying on her side—hence Austria-Hungary Got the backing of Britain, of course, but they just gave her money Fought her opponents to a stalemate and won back all seized land, except Silesia.

Austrian Golden Age Maria Theresa establishes a court in Vienna Reforms the church—made the monarchy far less tied to Catholicism Cleaned house with the nobles—made them intermingle Created a expansive bureaucracy Revamped military Created a trading network, not with colonies but over European empire

The Seven Years War (1756-1763) AKA, The French and Indian War Austria, France and Russia VS. Britain and Prussia First time Russia plays a major role in European affairs 1st war between the oceans – global war Mainly started over colonial and Austrian Succession vendettas Battled to a stalemate on the continent Real winner was again, England, who crushed France and kicked them out of N. America Austria lost nothing for starting this mess and stayed in power

Crash Course – Seven Years War

Exit Slip On your own piece of paper answer the following: 1. What is Absolutism? 2. What is divine right? I learned… I want to know more about… 5. Questions I still have are…

Absolute Rulers of Russia Use the textbook and read pages 608-611 Provide definitions for the following terms/people: Ivan the Terrible Boyars Westernization Peter the Great Answer the following questions – DUE AT END OF CLASS Why was Russia culturally different from Western Europe? How did Ivan the terrible deal with his enemies during the “bad period”? What were ways that Peter tried to westernize Russia? Who do you think was more of an absolute Monarch: Ivan the Terrible or Peter the Great? Which of Peter’s actions in building St. Petersburg show his power as an absolute monarch?