Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. 1 Classification of Living Organisims Classification is the grouping of objects based on similarities. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems. (six kingdoms) Tree of Life: David Attenbourgh

Classification Classification is an important 2 Classification Classification is an important In understanding how organisms are related and how they are different. So that we can work with the diversity of life Taxonomy is the branch of biology that studies the grouping and naming of organisms.

Aristotle Ancient Greece— 3 Aristotle (384 BC to 322 BC) was the first to use a classification system. classified living things into two categories: plants and animals. Plants -shrubs, herbs, or trees. Animals -according to where they lived. His classification system was based on structural differences that were seen.

classification on characteristics of organisms that were similar. 4 Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Swedish Botantist Considered to be the Father of modern Taxonomy Based his classification on characteristics of organisms that were similar. Developed the two word system used to identify species: binomial nomenclature.

5 Linnaeus used Latin for the Names of his categories, because this was the language of educated people and not likely to change whereas an everyday language is likely to change. Clip

Binomial Nomenclature 6 Binomial Nomenclature Because scientists speak many different languages and common names for organisms may vary from place to place, a universal system for naming organisms is used. The scientific name of an organism is based on a two-word system called binomial nomenclature.

Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”) 7 Quercus alba: is the name for white oak (alba is Latin for “white”) Quercus rubra: is the name for the red oak (rubra is Latin for “red”) Micropterus salmoides is the name for a largemouth bass

Binomial nomenclature 8 Binomial nomenclature The two words, genus and species, are always italicized (or underlined). The first word in a scientific name, genus, is always capitalized and the second word, species, is never capitalized. For example the scientific name of the largemouth bass would be Micropterus salmoides (or Micropterus salmoides).

9 In addition to (1) appearance and (2) behavior, (3) molecular structure (e.g., DNA) and(4) evolutionary relationships are also considered when classifying organisms. Organisms that share more similarities are more closely related and are grouped together.

Eight levels of classification 10 Eight levels of classification Domain Least alike Taxon: Group or level of classification Most alike Species is the most specific

Taxon Level 11 ORGANISM HUMAN HOUSE CAT LION HOUSEFLY KINGDOM Animalia CHIMPANZEE HOUSE CAT LION HOUSEFLY KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordate Arthropoda CLASS Mammal Insect ORDER Primates Carnivora Diptera FAMILY Hominidae Pongidae Felidae Muscidae GENUS Homo Pan Felis Musca SPECIES sapiens troglodytes domestica leo Scientific Name Homo sapiens Pan troglodytes Felis domestica Felis leo Musca domestica 11

Example: Human Classification 12 Example: Human Classification Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primate Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Specific : sapiens How would you write the scientific name? a. homo Sapiens b. Homo sapiens c. Homo Sapiens

CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS 13 CLASSIFICATION OF THE LARGEMOUTH BASS Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia (multicellular organisms that eat food) Phylum Chordata (animals with a backbone) Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Order Perciformes (perch-like fishes) Family Centrarchida (sunfishes) Genus Micropterus (types of bass) Species salmoides (largemouth bass) Largemouth Bass: Micropterus salmoides

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DOMAINS & KINGDOMS OF LIFE 15 DOMAINS & KINGDOMS OF LIFE

Three Domains and Six Kingdoms: 16 Bacteria- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Autotrophic & Heterotrophic Cell walls have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Eubacteria Archaea- Unicellular and prokaryotic. Cell walls do not have peptidoglycan. Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Eukarya- Eukaryotic. Kingdoms: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia. -ribosomes are different (diff. rRna) -other enzyme differences (polmerases) -Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya

Six Kingdoms of Life OLD NAME: Monera 17 Plantae Protista Animalia EuBacteria Animalia Archae-bacteria Fungi OLD NAME: Monera

19 Bacteria Protista Eubacteria (true bacteria) & Archaebacteria contain prokaryotes, cells without membrane-bound organelles. Microscopic & unicellular. Archaebacteria are mainly found in extreme environments like the deep oceans, hot springs, and swamps. Heterotropic & autotrophic unicellular and multicellular organisms with a variety of characteristics eukaryotic organisms that lack complex organ systems and live in moist environments. Heterotropic and autotrophic Most are microscopic.

Fungi Consumers that stay put. Unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes that absorb nutrients from dead and decaying matter by decomposing dead organisms and wastes in the environment. Have cell walls made of Chitin (ADD TO NOTES)

Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize. Plantae Animalia Multicellular eukaryotes that photosynthesize. Most have cellulose cell walls and tissues that have been organized into organs and organ systems. Autotrophic-some parasitic- some carnivore. Multicellular consumers-heterotrophic Cells do not have cell walls. Their tissues have been organized into complex organ systems; the nervous system, muscle system and digestive system, as well as others.

20 6 Kingdoms of Life

Evolutionary relationship between the kingdoms. Clip

Phylogenic Tree Clip

A cladogram is a tree-like diagram showing evolutionary relationships A cladogram is a tree-like diagram showing evolutionary relationships. Any two branch tips sharing the same immediate node are most closely related.

Cladogram

Illustrate relationships

Bacteria, Archaebacteria, & the Prokaryotic Domains Video (8:51)

A tool to identify organisms is called a dichotomous key. 22 A tool to identify organisms is called a dichotomous key. It is made from pairs of contrasting characteristics (e.g., has wings/does not have wings).

Wacky People Key 1a Two feet 2 1b Some other number of feet 3 2a Does not look at all human 4 2b Looks a lot like a human 5 3a One leg 6 3b Three or four legs 7 4a Fly-like Mosk Cara 4b Not fly-like 8 5a Seems to be a girl Rita Nita 5b Not a girl 9 6a Leg is curled , two feet Ru-ela.Brella 6b Leg is straight, one foot Giggles 7a Three legs 10 7b Four legs 11 8a Has webbed feet Hex Oculate 8b Clawed feet 12 9a Curly hair, no toes Lugio Wirum 9b Wiggly looking mouth, three toes on feet C. Nile 10a Very long nose, open mouth Elle E. Funk 10b Some other appearance 13 11a Has duck bill, two pinchers Tri D. Duckt 11b No arms or pinchers 14 12a Has ears, tail, and beak Grif Leon 12b Four eyes on stalks Eggur Ondy 13a One eye, webbed feet Cue Kide 13b Four stalked eyes, four pinchers Quadrumenox 14a Three toed feet, nose like a flower Tunia petalos 14b Spider-like, has spots Patterned mulywumpus

23 EOCT ALERT!!!! A multicellular organism that obtains its food by absorbing nutrients belongs to the kingdom A Animalia B Fungi C Plantae D Protista

The study of animals is known as 24 The study of animals is known as A botany B ecology C taxonomy D zoology

25 In 1988, the tiger swallowtail, Papilio glaucus, was proclaimed Georgia’s state butterfly. The tiger swallowtail shares the most characteristics with members of which taxonomic level? A class B family C order D phylum

A obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases 26 One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to A obtain energy B reproduce C move D exchange gases

27 Which of the following describes the Kingdom Fungi’s important role in the environment? A) The are heterotrophic. B) They are decomposers. C) They are unicellular and multicellular. D) They are consumers that stay put.

A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the A viruses B protists C eubacteria D archaebacteria 28

A bacterium B mushroom C mouse D virus The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy? A bacterium B mushroom C mouse D virus 29

Which of the following are most closely related? A) Elephant and Lizard B) Frog and bird C) Manatee and elephant 30

Ms. Wall, may I be excused? My brain is full. First Life (start at 8:50) Ms. Wall, may I be excused? My brain is full.