Industrial Revolution

The Great Inventions Balloons – in 1783 by Mont Golfor (France) Steam Engine – 1765 – James Watt (England) Steel – 1858 – Bessemer (England) Electric Battery – 1807 – Volta Elevator – 1852 – Otis (America) Electric Welding – 1869 – Thompson (America)

Technical progress and its influence rapid economic population growth Development took place in a great speed Material played an important role in architecture Materials and Process were new and building had to adopt a quicker phase at site Prefabrication of components with new materials like steel started New types of buildings

Technical progress and its influence An engineer became an architect (Boulton) An inventor became an architect (Watt) – steam engine A gardener became an architect (Paxton) – Crystal Palace Abraham Darby – the first man to produce cast iron built a cast iron bridge near his factory in Coal Brook Dale The commercial Railway network started in 1825 in Britain Cast iron replaced stone and wood

Changed the social and economic patterns of life First in Britain, then Europe, N. America and throughout the world Modern time starts with the birth of Industrial Revolution The Great Exhibitions held in London (1851) and in Paris (1889) - triumphs of Industrial Architecture

The factories, workshops, depots, covered markets, ware houses - result of economic and functional necessity All structures - functional and had no impressive features for exterior

MODERN MATERIALS Bridges and Buildings

Modern Materials 19th century engineers main interest - construction, not ostentation or ornamentation. American, British and French engineers used iron and glass in daring and imaginative ways They flooded building interiors with light. They used iron in new ways, to support vaulted roofs with slender, delicate piers.

Iron and Glass cast iron - as an important building material. Its importance was due to 4 main factors. It was cheap. It was much more fire resistant than wood. It supported heavy loads. It was easy to manufacture.

Iron Bridge, England by Abraham Darby, 1779 first cast iron bridge in the world 1779 over the river Severn Iron Bridge - based on timber construction

Iron Bridge, England

Architectural applications of iron and steel

The Palm House, London Richard Turner, 1848 at Kew Gardens, near London - fine use of iron and glass curved exterior surfaces slender frames very thin mullions so the building was a success – light and airy with glass roof

Palm House, Kew Gardens, London, England, 1848 – Richard Turner Palm House, Kew Gardens, London, England, 1848 – Richard Turner. Six stories high at the center, constructed entirely of iron and glass. All the roofs are curved, and inside are high balconies and spiral staircases of iron.

Contribution of Great Exhibitions Two Great Exhibitions London – 1851 – Crystal Palace Paris – 1889 – Machine Hall and Eiffel Tower Great World Fairs conducted to celebrate industry, commerce and arts organized by the business world under the royal patronage dedication to the developments of industrial capitalism

Contribution of Great Exhibitions To house numerous exhibitors (whose exhibits ranged from simple tools to railway engines and power looms) huge pavilions had to be erected. had to be erected quickly and to be dismantled easily as cheap as possible So steel and glass used in the form of prefabricated components contributed a new building type

The Crystal Palace erected for the 1st World Fair in 1851 Prince Albert Henry Cole - to erect the largest building in the world Designed by Joseph Paxton Paxton originally a gardener famous for his self-taught – green houses prefabricated elements and erected on site landmark of architectural design, anticipating later industrial construction

The Crystal Palace huge transparent box like structure which was glittering from exterior like a crystal. It measures nearly 1851’ long and 360’ wide covering a minimum of 98,000 sq.m. Central transept is high enough to accommodate the Hyde Park elms First it was erected in Hyde Park. It was dismantled and rebuilt in Sydenham Hill after some time. It was destroyed by fire in 1936.

Paris Exhibition – 1889 The Machine Hall The Eiffel Tower size and political significance. by the Third Republic to celebrate the centenary of 1789 revolution to assert to the Europe about the power and ideals of France A site was selected at the end of Champ-de-Mars alongside of the Ecole military

The Machine Hall

The Machine Hall Victor Contamin and Charles Louis Ferdinand

The Machine Hall huge covered shop to exhibit all machineries without any obstructions inside Free from supports at centre and should be totally lighted 425x115 meters (1380x380ft.) A structure of 20 huge steel arches established a central nave and two side aisles Free vast area and uninterrupted covered space

The Machine Hall The arches - span of 115m (380ft) shrunk into thin points at their base side aisles (gallery) at an elevated level Working machines kept as exhibits destroyed by fire in 1900

The Eiffel Tower Most popular building of 1889 exhibition. symbolic and size Idea - 300m tower was then circulating in Europe and America (1000 ft) The Third Republic - as a good idea -to impress the visitors A competition was held Gustave Eiffel’s design won Eiffel started his design in 1884

The Eiffel Tower businessman and industrialist himself supervised the construction supplied the metal elements from his own factory invested in the project The total height of this tower is 300m (984ft) triumph of mathematical calculation and site organization

The Eiffel Tower Lower part with huge perforated arches on all four sides between four legs Today a landmark for Paris city

ARCHITECTURAL CRITICISM The progress of industry and commerce in particularly the development of the railway and of commercial distribution centers required a new type of public buildings The literature and criticism had a greater influence on architecture John Ruskin’s the world famous articles such as: Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849) Lamp of Truth The Stones of Venice Architectural Criticism (1870)