The Respiratory System

DHO pg. 192 Draw, label and color diagram of respiratory system. Glue or tape in notebook.

What makes up the Respiratory System? The respiratory system consists of the lungs and air passages It is responsible for taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide Our body only has a 4-6 minute supply of oxygen This means our respiratory system must work continuously to supply our bodies with the oxygen we need in order to survive

What makes up the Respiratory System?

What makes up the Respiratory System? The nose Has 2 openings called nostrils or nares allows the air we breathe to be warmed, filtered and moistened Nasal septum divides the nose into 2 hollow spaces called nasal cavities lined with mucous membranes and have a rich blood supply Mucus helps to moisten the air we breathe in and trap any pathogens or dirt

What makes up the Respiratory System? The nose Cilia are hairlike structures that line the nasal cavities They help to move the mucous membranes lining the nasal cavities and push the trapped particles toward the esophagus where they can be swallowed The olfactory receptors Determine smells The nasolacrimal ducts Drain tears from the eye into the nose to help provide additional moisture for the air

What makes up the Respiratory System? Sinuses Cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area Lined with mucous membranes to warm and moisten the air Provide our voice with resonance

What makes up the Respiratory System? The Pharynx (throat) contains three sections Nasopharynx-upper portion located behind the nasal cavities which contains the pharyngeal tonsils, adenoids and eustachian tubes Oropharynx-middle portion located behind the oral cavity and receives air from the nasopharynx and food and air from the mouth laryngopharynx-bottom portion site where the trachea and esophagus branch off to their separate areas

What makes up the Respiratory System? The larynx (voice box) Consists of nine layers of cartilage The largest layer, the thyroid cartilage, is commonly called the Adam’s apple Contains two folds called vocal cords The opening between the vocal cords is called the glottis As air enters the larynx from the lungs, the vocal cords vibrate to produce sound The tongue and lips act on this sound to produce speech

Vocal Cords Vocal cords while breathing Vocal cords while making sound

What makes up the Respiratory System? The larynx Also contains an epiglottis This is a special leaf-like piece of cartilage that closes over the opening into the larynx during swallowing This prevents food and liquids from entering our respiratory tract

What makes you have a voice? http://www.entnet.org/content/how-voice-works Using the above website, explain in one paragraph what gives your voice sound.

What makes up the Respiratory System? The trachea (windpipe) This tube extends from the larynx to the center of the chest It carries air between the pharynx and the bronchi Series of C-shaped cartilages (which are open on the dorsal surface) help to keep the trachea open

What makes up the Respiratory System? The Bronchi The trachea branches into a left and right bronchi as it enters the chest The right bronchus is shorter, wider and extends more vertically than the left Each bronchus enters a lung and carries air to it Right Bronchus Left Bronchus

What makes up the Respiratory System? The Alveoli Air sacs in the lungs They look like a bunch of grapes The capillaries allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged between the blood and the lungs The alveoli are lined on the inside with surfactant which helps to prevent them from collapsing 500 million per lung

Alveoli

What makes up the Respiratory System? The Lungs-the organs of the respiratory system Left lung The smaller lung because the heart, located on the left side of the chest, takes up some of the space Contains two sections The superior and inferior Right lung Contains three sections (lobes) The superior, middle and inferior

Lungs

What makes up the Respiratory System? The lungs Enclosed in pleura Parietal Parietal layer is attached to the chest wall Visceral Visceral layer is attached to the surface of the lung Pleural fluid flows between the layers. This allows the lungs to expand without friction.

The Respiratory System overview

How do we breathe? Ventilation is the process of breathing It contains two phases: inspiration and expiration Inspiration (inhalation) is the process of breathing in air During inspiration, the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contract and enlarge the thoracic cavity This creates a vacuum which causes air to rush in through the air passages to the alveoli

How do we breathe? When the air gets to the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in a process called respiration (next slide) Expiration (exhalation), the process of breathing air out, occurs next The diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax causing the thoracic cavity to become smaller, forcing air out of the lungs and air passages

What is respiration and how is it controlled? The process of respiration is controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata in the brain It is an involuntary process, which means that we do not have to consciously make it happen faster or slower

What is respiration and how is it controlled? An increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood or a decreased amount of oxygen in the blood causes the respiratory center of our brain to increase the rate of respiration We are trying to “fix” the problem by breathing in more oxygen or breathing out more carbon dioxide Certain diseases can cause this Asthma, congestive heart failure, emphysema

What is respiration and how is it controlled? There are two main stages of respiration Internal respiration The exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between the tissue cells and the bloodstream External respiration The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and bloodstream

External Respiration The exchange of gases during respiration is dependent upon the concentration levels of each gas in both the alveoli and the blood The high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli causes the oxygen to diffuse into the blood capillaries that surround the alveoli This allows the blood to carry the oxygen to the body for use

External Respiration The same process occurs with the carbon dioxide Remember, carbon dioxide is a waste product of cell production and goes into our bloodstream so we can get rid of it The high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood capillaries causes the carbon dioxide to diffuse into the alveoli so that it can be expelled from the body during exhalation

Internal Respiration This type of respiration occurs at the cellular level The blood carries oxygen to the tissue cells and as in external respiration, the concentration levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide cause oxygen in the blood to diffuse into the tissue cells and carbon dioxide in the cells to diffuse into the bloodstream The cells use the oxygen to produce energy while the blood carries the carbon dioxide back to the lungs where external respiration begins again

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Asthma Respiratory disorder caused by sensitivity to an allergen, stress, overexertion or infection Bronchospasms narrow the opening of the bronchioles, mucus is produced in excess and edema develops in the mucus membrane lining of the bronchioles Wheezing, dyspnea, coughing, tight feeling in chest are seen Treatment includes bronchodilators (to enlarge bronchioles), anti-inflammatory meds, epinephrine and oxygen

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes Chronic bronchitis is caused by frequent bouts of acute bronchitis, long term pollutant exposure, smoking Wheezing, dyspnea, chest pain, prolonged air expiration, productive cough Antibiotics, bronchodilators, and other respiratory therapy is used Acute bronchitis is usually caused by an infection Dyspnea, chest pain, fever, productive cough Treatment includes antibiotics, expectorants, fluids, rest

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic lung diseases that results in obstruction of the airways Chronic asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and TB all lead to COPD Smoking is the primary cause, but allergies and chronic respiratory infections are also factors There is no cure but bronchodilators, and respiratory treatments are used

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Emphysema Noninfectious, chronic respiratory condition that occurs when the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity Carbon dioxide remains trapped in the alveoli and there is very poor exchange of gasses Heavy smoking and prolonged exposure to air pollutants are the most common causes

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Emphysema Dyspnea, feeling of suffocation, pain, barrel chest appearance, chronic cough, cyanosis and rapid respirations accompanied by prolonged expirations are symptoms There is no cure ad eventual respiratory failure and death occurs Treatment (management) options include bronchodilators, prompt treatment of respiratory infections, oxygen therapy, respiratory therapy and avoidance of smoking

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Epistaxis (nosebleeds) Capillaries in the nose become congested and bleed Caused by injury to the nose, hypertension, chronic infections, anticoagulant (blood thinning) meds, and blood diseases (leukemia and hemophilia) Compressing the nostrils, tilting the head forward and applying cold compresses usually control epistaxis, but you may need to have nasal packs inserted or have the bleeding vessels cauterized (burned) Treating any underlying cause like hypertension can prevent epistaxis

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Influenza (flu) Highly contagious, viral infection of the upper respiratory system Symptoms include sudden onset of chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain and fatigue Treatment includes rest, fluids, pain meds, antipyretics Flu vaccines can provide immunity but since there are many strains of the flu virus, you must be vaccinated each year against the common flu causing viruses at the time

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords Frequently occurs with other respiratory infections Hoarseness, loss of voice, sore throat, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) are seen Treatment includes rest, limited use of voice, fluids and antibiotics if an infection is present

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Lung cancer The leading cause of death in both men and women Main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco Early stages of lung cancer usually have no symptoms and only when it has progressed do you see symptoms such as chronic cough, dyspnea, fatigue, weight loss and chest pain Prognosis is usually poor because lung cancer is usually not detected until it is in the later stages Treatment includes surgical removal of cancerous portion of the lung, chemotherapy and radiation therapy where appropriate

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura usually occurring in conjunction with a lung infection Symptoms are sharp, stabbing pain while breathing; crepitation (grating sounds in the lungs); dyspnea and fever Treatment includes rest, meds for pain and inflammation Occasionally a thoracentesis must be performed to remove fluid that collects in the pleural space to prevent compression of the lungs

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Pneumonia Inflammation or infection of the lungs characterized by exudate (buildup of fluid) in the alveoli Usually caused by bacteria, viruses or chemicals Chills, productive cough, dysnpea, fever, chest pain and fatigue are seen Treatment includes rest, fluids, antibiotics if needed, respiratory therapy and pain meds

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Sinusitis Inflammation of the mucous lining of the sinuses Usually caused by bacterium or viruses Headache, thick nasal discharge, congestion and loss of voice resonance are seen Treatment includes pain meds, decongestants, vaporizers Rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane Runny nose, soreness and congestion is seen Causes are infections and allergens Treatment is fluids and meds for congestion

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Tuberculosis (TB) Lung infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis TB can be active and cause symptoms or dormant and form tubercles due to the WBC’s surround the bacteria Symptoms are fatigue, fever, night sweat, weight loss, hemoptysis (blood tinged sputum) and chest pain Treatment includes meds to destroy the bacteria, rest and good nutrition Meds can, however, take up to 2 years to be completely effective against the bacterium and must not be stopped until instructed to do so

What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Common cold causing inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract Caused by viruses, they are highly contagious Fever, runny nose, watery eye, congestion, sore throat and hacking cough are seen No cure is available, and the URI usually lasts about a week Pain meds, antipyretics, rest, fluids and antihistamines are to treat the symptoms

Sleep Apnea Read pg 197 in DHO: Sleep Apnea What is the difference bw obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea? Why do pts with sleep apnea snore? Why are sleep apnea pts tired during the day? What are common treatments? What is a CPAP machine?

Sleep Apnea Pt stops breathing while sleeping causing decreased oxygen levels in blood Dx: 5 periods of apnea lasting at least 10 seconds during 1 hour of sleep

Respiratory Therapist Career

Respiratory Therapist Simulation

Is it a cold, flu or allergies? Research the etiology, S&S, treatment, and prevention of the common cold, flu and allergies. Compare and contrast these 3 common respiratory conditions. You can create a trifold, graphic organizer or thinking map to present your findings. Create a case study of one of these respiratory conditions.

Pathophysiology of Respiratory System Select a respiratory disease. Research that disease and create a ppt presentation or other media presentation on the disease. Include: Description/etiology Signs and symptoms How diagnosis is made (include any lab tests, etc) Treatment prevention