SWITCHING & ROUTING

Course Content Cisco IOS and SDM (Security Device Manager) 3 Chapter Contents Theory LAB Overview 1 Cisco IOS and SDM (Security Device Manager) 3 2 Virtual LAN 6 Layer 2 Switching and Spanning Tree Protocol 4 Distance Vector Routing Protocol 5 Enhanced IGRP and Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) IP Adress & IP Security 7 Lab 30 TOTAL

Content Understanding the Host-to-Host Communications Model Exploring the Packet Delivery Process Understanding the TCP/IP Internet Layer Understanding the TCP/IP Transport Layer Understanding WAN Technologies

Building a Simple Network Understanding the Host-to-Host Communications Model Building a Simple Network

Network OSI Model? Reduces complexity Standardizes interfaces Facilitates modular engineering Ensures interoperable technology Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Sending information through OSI

Data Encapsulation Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Data De-Encapsulation Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Peer-to-Peer Communication Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

TCP/IP Stack Defines four layers Uses different names for Layers 1 through 3 Combines Layers 5 through 7 into single application layer Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

TCP/IP Stack vs. the OSI Model

TCP/IP – OSI Models

TCP/IP – OSI Models

Manage data units Application, Presentation, Sessions layers Transports Layer Segment Network Layer Packet Data Links Layer Frame Physical Layer Bit

Manage devices in OSI model Layers Devices Application, Presentation, Sessions layers Transports Layer Network Layer Router, Switch layer 3. Data Links Layer Bridges, Intelligent hubs, Switch layer 2 Physical Layer Network Interface Card – NIC, Adapter, Concentrator, Hub, Repeater, connector, MODEM (MOdulation-DEModulation), …

Building a Simple Network Exploring the Packet Delivery Process Building a Simple Network

Layer 1 Devices Layer 1 provides the physical media and its encoding. Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.> Layer 1 provides the physical media and its encoding. Examples: Ethernet Serial Repeater Physical interface of the NIC

Layer 2 Devices Layer 2 devices provide an interface with the physical media. Examples: NIC Bridge Switch Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Frame Ethernet 802.3 Header Trailer Control information Preamble SFD Start of Frame Delimiter Destination Address Source Address Length Data Pad Frame Check Sequence (Error Checking Information) Header Trailer Control information Hình 2.5 Một khuôn dữ liệu Ethernet điển hình

Các thành phần của frame Ethernet 802.3 Preamble (Phần mở đầu) – Đánh dấu bắt đầu của toàn bộ frame, là tín hiệu thông báo tới mạng rằng dữ liệu đang truyền. Start of Frame Delimiter (SFD) – Chứa thônng tin khởi đầu của việc định địa chỉ frame. Destination Address – Chứa địa chỉ của nút đích. Source Address – Chứa địa chỉ của nút nguồn. Length (LEN) – Chứa chiều dài của gói. Data – Chứa dữ liệu được truyền từ nút nguồn. Pad – Được sử dụng để tăng kích thước của frame tới kích thước yêu cầu nhỏ nhất là 46 byte. Frame Check Sequence (FCS) – Cung cấp một giải thuật để xác định xem dữ liệu nhận được có chính xác hay không. Giải thuật được sử dụng thông thường nhất là Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).

Layer 3 Addressing Each NOS has its own Layer 3 address format. Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.> Each NOS has its own Layer 3 address format. OSI uses NSAP. TCP/IP uses IP.

Building a Simple Network Understanding the TCP/IP Internet Layer Building a Simple Network

Internet Protocol Characteristics Operates at network layer of OSI Connectionless protocol Packets treated independently Hierarchical addressing Best-effort delivery No data-recovery features

IP Header Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

IP Address Format: Dotted Decimal Notation Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.> The binary-to-decimal and decimal-to-binary conversion will be detailed later in this course.

IP Address Classes: The First Octet Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

IP Address Ranges *127 (01111111) is a Class A address reserved for loopback testing and cannot be assigned to a network.

Public IP Addresses

Private IP Addresses Class Private Address Range A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

Building a Simple Network (UDP & TCP) Understanding the TCP/IP Transport Layer Building a Simple Network (UDP & TCP)

UDP Characteristics Operates at transport layer of OSI and TCP/IP models Provides applications with access to the network layer without the overhead of reliability mechanisms Is a connectionless protocol Provides limited error checking Provides best-effort delivery Has no data-recovery features

UDP Header Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

TCP Characteristics Transport layer of the TCP/IP stack Access to the network layer for applications Connection-oriented protocol Full-duplex mode operation Error checking Sequencing of data packets Acknowledgement of receipt Data-recovery features

TCP Header Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

TCP/IP Application Layer Overview File transfer FTP TFTP Network File System E-mail Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Remote login Telnet rlogin Network management Simple Network Management Protocol Name management Domain Name System Purpose: This figure discusses application-layer protocols. Emphasize: The common network applications today include file transfer, remote login, network management, and e-mail. We focus on TCP/IP in this course for several reasons: TCP/IP is a universally available protocol and you will use it at work. TCP/IP is a useful reference for understanding other protocols, because it includes elements that are representative of other protocols. TCP/IP is important because the router uses it as a configuration tool. The router uses Telnet for remote configuration, TFTP to transfer configuration files and operating system images, and SNMP for network management. Transition: The next section moves down the model to discuss the transport layer.

Mapping Layer 3 to Layer 4 Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Mapping Layer 4 to Applications Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Building a Simple Network Understanding the Establishing a Connection Building a Simple Network

Establishing a Connection Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Three-Way Handshake Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.> CTL = Which control bits in the TCP header are set to 1

Flow Control Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

TCP Acknowledgment Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Fixed Windowing Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

TCP Sliding Windowing Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Lesson Aim <Enter lesson aim here.>

Understanding WAN Technologies WAN Connections

Wide-Area Network

Need for WANs

WANs vs. LANs

WAN Access and the OSI Reference Model

WAN Devices Routers Terminal servers Modems DSU/CSU WAN networking devices ATM switches Frame Relay switches PSTN HDLC

Physical Layer: WANs

Serial Point-to-Point Connections Purpose: This section describes the various serial standards that support leased-line connections. Emphasize: The same 60-pin end that attaches to a Cisco device supports all the standards illustrated. Note: Data switching equipment (DSE) is an additional term sometimes used to describe the switch components that appear inside the cloud. The DSE adds and removes channels assigned inside the WAN. The DSE connects traffic from various sources to their final destinations through other switches. Transition: The next layer in the stack is Layer 2, the data link layer.

WAN—Multiple LANs

WAN Data-Link Protocols HDLC PPP Frame Relay (LAPF) ATM

WAN Link Options