TOPIC: Applied Genetics AIM: What methods can be used to develop organisms with desirable traits?

AIM: How can we develop organisms with desirable traits? DO NOW: TOPIC: Genetics AIM: How can we develop organisms with desirable traits? DO NOW: 1. Which trait is dominant? 2. How many children did generation 1 have? 3. What is the genotype of the parents in generation 1? 4. Which person in generation 2 married someone? 5. Who did they marry?

SELECTIVE BREEDING CLONING GENETIC ENGINEERING 3 methods used to develop organisms with desirable traits SELECTIVE BREEDING CLONING GENETIC ENGINEERING

Selective Breeding Crossing organisms with desirable traits to make offspring with those traits

Crossing 2 genetically different but related species Hybridization Crossing 2 genetically different but related species HYBRID = new offspring Best of both parents Ex: horse + donkey  mule (hybrid)

The Mule is the result of breeding a female horse (mare) to a male donkey (jack). The mule is superior to the horse in strength, endurance, intelligence and disease resistance.

Hybridization Santa Gertrudis cattle: formed by crossing Braham and shorthorn  good heat resistance and beef Braham cattle: good resistance to heat but poor beef Shorthorn cattle: good beef but poor heat resistance

Crossing organisms that have same or very similar characteristics Inbreeding Crossing organisms that have same or very similar characteristics Advantage = Pass on/preserve good traits

Disadvantages = Smaller and weaker offspring More susceptible to diseases More prone to genetic disorders

Technique used to produce offspring identical to parent Cloning Technique used to produce offspring identical to parent

Clone Organism genetically identical to organism from which it is produced (same genes)

Cloning

Dolly = 1st cloning of an adult mammal (sheep) 1997

Noto and Kaga (Cows) These cows were cloned in 1998 and duplicated several thousand times. Made in Japan, the cows pave the way for other clones engineered to produce better meat and milk.

Mira the Goat Also cloned in 1998, Mira and her sisters came from a US lab as predecessors for livestock engineered to contain pharmaceutical products beneficial for humans.

Pieces of DNA from 1 placed into DNA of another Genetic Engineering Changing DNA Pieces of DNA from 1 placed into DNA of another “gene splicing”

Recombinant DNA Combined DNA (from 2 organisms)

1. DNA from complex organism cut out How does Genetic Engineering work? 1. DNA from complex organism cut out 2. Attached to DNA from simple organism  recombinant DNA 3. Cells with recombinant DNA produce materials made in complex organism

Example: Inserting human DNA into bacteria DNA  bacteria produce insulin

plasmid Ring of DNA Bacteria

Genetic Engineering (plasmid) (Recombinant DNA)

Uses of genetic engineering Insulin Human growth hormone Hepatitis B vaccine Interferons Creates new crops and farm animals To improve food crops Proteins for blood clotting Make bacteria that can make medicines Grow human body parts Prevent genetic diseases, change humans

REVIEW What is selective breeding? Give 1 example of hybridization? Give one disadvantage of inbreeding? What is recombinant DNA? What is genetic enginnering?

Glow-in-the-dark cats In 2007, South Korean scientists altered a cat’s DNA to make it glow in the dark and then took that DNA and cloned other cats from it, creating a set of fluffy, fluorescent felines.  The researchers took skin cells from Turkish Angora female cats and used a virus to insert genetic instructions for making red fluorescent protein. Then they put the gene-altered nuclei into the eggs for cloning, and the cloned embryos were implanted back into the donor cats, making the cats the surrogate mothers for their own clones. Scientists say the ability to engineer animals with fluorescent proteins will enable them to artificially create animals with human genetic diseases.

Glo fish Fluorescent zebra fish were specially bred to help detect environmental pollutants. By adding a natural fluorescence gene to the fish, scientists are able to quickly and easily determine when our waterways are contaminated.

Venomous cabbage Scientists have recently taken the gene that programs poison in scorpion tails and looked for ways to combine it with cabbage. Why would they want to create venomous cabbage? To limit pesticide use while still preventing caterpillars from damaging cabbage crops. These genetically modified cabbages would produce scorpion poison that kills caterpillars when they bite leaves — but the toxin is modified so it isn’t harmful to humans.

Flavr Savr tomato The Flavr Savr tomato was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to be granted a license for human consumption. By adding a specific gene, a California-based company hoped to slow the ripening process of the tomato to prevent softening and rotting, while allowing the tomato to retain its natural flavor and color.   The FDA approved the Flavr Savr in 1994; however, the tomatoes were so delicate that they were difficult to transport, and they were off the market by 1997. On top of production and shipping problems, the tomatoes were also reported to have a very bland taste.

Enviropig The Enviropig, or “Frankenswine,” as critics call it, is a pig that’s been genetically altered to better digest and process phosphorus. Pig manure is high in phytate, a form of phosphorus, so when farmers use the manure as fertilizer, the chemical enters the watershed and causes algae blooms that deplete oxygen in the water and kill marine life.  So scientists added an E. Coli bacteria and mouse DNA to a pig embryo. This modification decreases a pig’s phosphorous output by as much as 70 percent — making the pig more environmentally friendly.

Web-spinning goats Strong, flexible spider silk is one of the most valuable materials in nature, and it could be used to make an array of products — from artificial ligaments to parachute cords — if we could just produce it on a commercial scale. In 2000, Nexia Biotechnologies announced it had the answer: a goat that produced spiders’ web protein in its milk.   Researchers inserted a spiders’ silk gene into the goats’ DNA in such a way that the goats would make the silk protein only in their milk. This “silk milk” could then be used to manufacture a web-like material called Biosteel.

Pollution-fighting plants Scientists at the University of Washington are engineering poplar trees that can clean up contamination sites by absorbing groundwater pollutants through their roots. The plants then break the pollutants down into harmless byproducts that are incorporated into their roots, stems and leaves or released into the air.   In laboratory tests, the plants are able to remove as much as 91 percent of trichloroethylene — the most common groundwater contaminant at U.S. Superfund sites — out of a liquid solution. Regular poplar plants removed just 3 percent of the contaminant.

Medicinal eggs British scientists have created a breed of genetically modified hens that produce cancer-fighting medicines in their eggs. The animals have had human genes added to their DNA so that human proteins are secreted into the whites of their eggs, along with complex medicinal proteins similar to drugs used to treat skin cancer and other diseases.   What exactly do these disease-fighting eggs contain? T he hens lay eggs that have miR24, a molecule with potential for treating malignant melanoma and arthritis, and human interferon b-1a, an antiviral drug that resembles modern treatments for multiple sclerosis.

Glowing mice

How Did They Do That? Jellyfish cell The jellyfish has a gene that makes a glowing protein. This makes the jellyfish glow in some types of light. The glowing gene is taken from a jellyfish cell and inserted into an empty virus cell. The genetically engineered virus attaches itself to the fertilized mouse egg cell. The virus delivers the glowing gene into the egg cell nucleus, where it joins the mouse DNA. The genetically engineered mouse egg grows into an adult mouse which will make the glowing protein. The glow is too faint to see under normal lights but can be detected using a special camera. Virus Virus inserting their DNA into a cell Mouse cell

Corn plants: On the left we see corn a plant that was not genetically engineered. On the right we see a pest-free genetically engineered corn plant. They were planted side by side.

2000: Alba, a genetically-engineered bunny possessed "green fluorescent protein" genes from a jellyfish that made it glow in the dark. French genetic researchers created Alba. The albino rabbit glows green when placed under special lighting. In regular light, Alba appears like any other furry white rabbit. But place her under a black light, and her eyes, whiskers and fur glow a otherworldly green.

What are Genetically Modified Foods? You have already eaten GM foods. Some GM tomatoes, for example, have had their genes altered to stop them from going soft while they are still growing. For several years they were widely sold in tomato paste. The GM foods we eat have all been tested for safety. But some people worry about the long term effects of eating genetically modified foods!

Fishy Strawberries? 1. The flounder’s antifreeze gene is copied and inserted into a small ring of DNA taken from a bacteria cell. This diagram shows how one type of GM food, a strawberry that resists frost damage is made. The flounder is a fish that live in icy seas. It has a gene that stops it from freezing to death. Strawberries are soft fruits that can easily be damaged by frost. 2. The DNA ring containing the flounder gene is put into a second bacterium. 3. This second bacterium is used to infect the strawberry cell. The flounder’s antifreeze gene enters the strawberry’s DNA. Strawberry cell with Antifreeze gene 4. The new GM strawberry cell is grown into a GM strawberry plant which can be bred many times. Thanks to the new gene, GM strawberries make a protein which helps them resist frost. They don’t contain any other fish genes and, and do not taste or smell of fish.

What Have I Eaten? Genetically modified (GM) foods possess specific traits such as tolerance to herbicides or resistance to insects or viruses. By most estimates, up to 70% of the processed foods at your local grocery store contain at least one ingredient that’s been genetically altered. Genetically modified to reduce being eaten by insects.

What is Gene Therapy? In people with cystic fibrosis, one of the genes is faulty and cannot do its job properly. To fix the problem, a copy of the same gene from a healthy person is spliced into a virus. The patient’s lungs are infected with the virus. It delivers the working gene into the patient’s cells. The cells can then make the right protein, and the patient can breathe normally. Patient’s cell Patient’s DNA Faulty Gene Virus DNA New working gene Patient’s DNA Virus DNA with new gene

Will We Be Able To Cure Cancer With Gene Therapy? Cancer happens when body cells grow out of control. Scientists have found a gene called p-53 which normally keeps cells under control. They think that in some people with cancer, the disease begins because the p-53 gene doesn’t work properly – perhaps because of a mistake in the gene code. Experts are now looking for a way to cure cancer by modifying faulty DNA to make the p-53 gene work. Lung cancer cells (530x). These cells are from a tumor located in the alveolus (air sac) of a lung.                              

Photo of mouse growing a "human ear" - a shape made of cartilage What’s Going On Here? Photo of mouse growing a "human ear" - a shape made of cartilage