THE CANTERBURY TALES BACKGROUND ON AUTHOR, CONTEXT, AND CHARACTERS

GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1342-1400) “The FATHER of English Literature” Son of a London shoemaker Grew up middle to upper class Well-traveled and knowledgeable about all aspects of life and types of people A man of the WORLD Dates of Chaucer’s life; He was well-traveled and knowledgeable about all aspects of life and types of people 2

CHAUCER’S LIFE Page in the household connected to KING EDWARD III Married a lady-in-waiting of the queen named Philippa de Rout Had three (maybe four) children Fought in the HUNDRED YEARS WAR Captured by the enemy and ransomed by the king King Edward awarded him “A GALLON OF WINE DAILY” for life for an unspecified task, and Chaucer collected it the rest of his life, even after Edward was no longer king His time spent in the household of King Edward gave him an insider’s look of the lives of the royal and aristocratic; it is possible the wine was an award for a literary work, as it was given on St. George’s Day 1374, when artistic endeavors were traditionally rewarded 3

CHAUCER’S LIFE, CONT… Customs Controller Justice of the Peace Member of PARLIAMENT Diplomat to FRANCE and ITALY Secret dispatch to Sir John Hawkwood, British knight in Milan (possible inspiration for the Knight in the Canterbury Tales) Supervised construction of WESTMINSTER ABBEY and the TOWER OF LONDON Deputy FORESTER of the Royal Forest of North Petherton Died of unknown causes around 1400; first writer to be buried in the POET’S CORNER of Westminster Abbey

WESTMINSTER ABBEY

POET’S CORNER Chaucer’s Tomb→

THE CANTERBURY TALES: CHAUCER’S MASTERPIECE (MAGNUM OPUS) First writer to use ENGLISH in a major literary work Assortment of people thrown together on a JOURNEY Lifelike CROSS-SECTION of medieval society; show almost all professions of 14th century and people’s characteristics from folly to wisdom Outstanding literary achievement: 17,000 LINES OF POETRY

The tales are written in MIDDLE ENGLISH Here is a sample of the Lord’s Prayer in Middle English: →

QUOTE “Although Chaucer’s invented personages are now six hundred years old, they are flesh and blood today; they are, in fact, the people whom we have known all our lives.”—Louis Untermeyer A testament to Chaucer as a writer and a reader of human character; how though the years pass, our nature of humans does not 9

Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales HEROIC COUPLETS: 2 paired lines of poetry, written in iambic pentameter (meter). The pair (or couplet) must RHYME. Introduced by Chaucer! Example: “You’re off to Canterbury - well, God speed!/ Blessed St. Thomas answer to your need!”

Page 104 Look at the introduction before the Prologue Look for the couples How many are there?

Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales SATIRE When an author ridicules and exposes the faults of his or her subject Used in order to provoke change The Canterbury Tales is a very important satire, pointing out the need for change in Medieval beliefs and practices Two tools Chaucer uses to create satire are 1. Verbal irony and 2. physiognomy

Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales VERBAL IRONY Is when there is a meaningful contrast between what is said and what is actually meant Example: Saying, “The best monk,” when really the monk does not really adhere to the ideals of monastic life

Literary Characteristics of The Canterbury Tales PHYSIOGNOMY: The use of physical appearance to suggest attributes of a person’s character or personality Example: Think of evil stepmother figures in Disney movies. Their harsh, angular appearances always hint at their malevolent motives

NOTES ON THE TALES FRAME TALE: a story that provides a vehicle or frame for telling other stories ( a story within a story) 29 pilgrims are traveling to the SHRINE OF ST. THOMAS OF BECKET (who was brutally murdered after quarreling with the king) The Prologue introduces the pilgrims, and they proceed to have a story-telling contest It is speculated that the Tales are INCOMPLETE, as not all pilgrims have a story Canterbury Cathedral

THE OCCUPATIONS OF THE PILGRIMS REFLECT THE THREE MAIN AREAS OF MEDIEVAL ENGLISH SOCIETY They represent a CROSS-SECTION of medieval society: a small, random selection that represents the larger whole The COURT: Knight, Squire, Yeoman, Franklin, Plowman, Miller, Reeve The CHURCH: Nun, Monk, Friar, Cleric, Parson, Summoner, Pardoner The COMMONERS: Merchant, Sergeant of the Law, Five Tradesmen, Cook, Skipper, Doctor, Wife of Bath, Manciple, Host

The Middle Ages Background Nobility/Ruling Class - Knight and Squire Hierarchy – Class Structure During Chaucer’s Time Clergy - Monk, Friar, Prioress, Parson, Summoner, Pardoner Middle Class – Merchant, Doctor, Student, Wife of Bath Peasants – Miller, Plowman, Skipper

Code of Chivalry A knight must be: 1. True to his God and a defender of the faith. 2. True and loyal to his lord and king. 3. True to his lady. 4. Humble and modest in daily actions. 5. Brave and fierce in war and adversity.

Code of the Clergy A member of the clergy must: 1. Be chaste and pure. 2. Be devoted to God. 3. Obey God and Biblical law. 4. Take vows of poverty. 5. Achieve heavenly reward through earthly denial.

Seven Deadly Sins Gluttony Avarice / Greed Sloth Lust Vanity Pride Anger

Moral Virtues (opposite of sins) Moderation Generosity Diligence Love Modesty Humility Forgiveness

Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Takes representatives of English society on a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral (Shrine of Archbishop Thomas Becket) Pilgrims—each has speech and tale that matches a real person during his (Chaucer’s) time

OTHER IMPORTANT NOTES SETTING: Springtime—represents fertility, re-birth, Spring Fever THEMES: Corruption of the Church: major issue—too much power The COMPLEXITY OF HUMAN NATURE: very few characters are all good or all bad; we all have our virtues and flaws IRONY: Often the characters typically valued by society are the most despicable, while the poor and “lowly” are the more noble HUMOR: The descriptions, bickering between characters, and the irony in the tales are meant to be funny!

MEDIEVAL OCCUPATIONS EXPLAINED Squire- an apprentice to a knight Yeoman- a member of the royal court Cleric (Clerk)- works for the Church, transcribing important documents Sergeant of the Law- lawyer Friar- priest who pledged to a life of poverty Reeve- manager of someone’s estate or farm Manciple- buys supplies for institutions like churches and schools Pardoner: grant “pardons” to criminals; sell Christian relics and certificates blessed by the Pope Remember, criminals could be tried in the Church or Royal Court; the Church tended to be more lenient!

MORE OCCUPATIONS: Summoner: bring accused criminals before the church’s court Nun (Prioress)/Monk: devote lives to work, charity, and prayer; take vows of poverty, silence, chastity, etc.. Often, becoming a monk was an option for second sons of nobility who could not inherit the family fortune

DURING THIS TIME (LIKE TODAY), CERTAIN PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH PERSONALITY: GAP TEETH: considered “cute” Curly hair—very FASHIONABLE RED face-lusty Red hair-SNEAKY (like a fox) WIDE forehead—beautiful LONG hair on a man—weak, undesirable BEARDLESS man—weak, immature Sores, carbuncles (large pimples or cysts)— suggest VENEREAL DISEASE or general nastiness

THE MILLER Example Chap of sixteen stone Big in brawn and bone Physical Characteristics, Clothing, and Accessories Chap of sixteen stone Big in brawn and bone Broad, knotty and short-shouldered Broad, red beard Wart with red, bristly hair growing on his nose Black nostrils and mighty mouth Carried a sword and buckler and bagpipes Wore blue hood with a white coat Words, Experiences, and Personality Traits Likes to wrestle Boastful of his strength Likes to tell dirty jokes Thief and cheater

The Miller Peasant Class Inferences Supported by a trade Chaucer compares him to a sow and fox suggesting he is wild and rough Chaucer compares mouth to a furnace door, suggesting he is uncouth and foul-mouthed By stating he was a “master-hand” at stealing, Chaucer infers the miller has cheated customers his whole life . Major vice! Through his depiction of the miller as bawdy and belligerent, Chaucer is critiquing the peasant’s low station in life