Unit 2: Nature v Nurture 3.1.16 Notebooks out please!

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Presentation transcript:

Unit 2: Nature v Nurture 3.1.16 Notebooks out please!

Entry Task: Free Write What has been the one most important influence on your life? USA Today study: ½ said nobody influenced them more than their parents Most said parents influenced them most as a child, but peers did most as a teen

Part 5: Parents & Peers

Parents and Peers We have looked at how genes influence our developmental differences. What about the environment? How do our early experiences, our family, our community and our culture affects these differences? We begin with the prenatal environment

Prenatal Environment Embryos receive differing nutrition & varying levels of exposure to toxic agents 2/3 of identical twins share a placenta Identical twins who share the same placenta (b) are more alike than those who do not (a)

Experience & Brain Development Experience helps develop brain’s neural connections 1984 study showed that rats raised in enriched environments developed thicker cortexes than those in impoverished environments

Experience & Brain Development Babies who are touched gain weight more rapidly & develop faster neurologically If neural connections are not activated & preserved through stimulation, they die Example: Genie (If not exposed to language by adolescence, they will never master language)

Experience and Faculties Early experiences during development in humans shows remarkable improvements in music, languages, and the arts. Courtesy of C. Brune

Brain Development & Adulthood Brain development does not stop when we reach adulthood. Throughout our life, brain tissue continues to grow and change. Both hotos courtesy of Avi Kani and Leslie Ungerleider, National Institue of Mental Health A well-learned finger-tapping task leads to more motor cortical neurons (right) than baseline.

Parental Influence Parental influence is largely genetic. Shared environments influences less than 10% of personality differences Although raised in the same family, some children are greater risk takers. Miquel L. Fairbanks

Peer Influence Children, like adults, attempt to fit into a group by conforming (conformity behavior) Significant influence on day-to-day behavior Selection effect: seeking out those who have similar attitudes & interests Preschoolers who disdain a certain food despite parents’ urgings often will eat the food if put at a table with a group of children who like it. A child who hears English spoken with one accent at home and another in the neighborhood and at school will invariably adopt the accent of the peers, not the parents. Ole Graf/ zefa/ Corbis

Peer Influence Peers are influential in such areas as learning to cooperate with others, gaining popularity, & developing interactions Parental influence also affects peer influence – parents choose what neighborhood to live in and school to go to

Cultural Influences Humans have the ability to evolve culture Culture: behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group Kevin R. Morris/Corbis

Variation Across Culture Cultures differ. Each culture develops norms: rules for accepted and expected behavior Ex: Men holding hands in Saudi Arabia is the norm (closer personal space), but not in American culture. OBJECTIVE 20| Describe some ways that culture differ. Jason Reed/ Reuters/Corbis

Variation Over Time Cultures change over time. The rate of this change may be extremely fast. In many Western countries, culture has rapidly changed over the past 40 years or so. This change cannot be attributed to changes in the human gene pool because genes evolve very slowly. Consider changes in our culture since 1960: Middle-class people can now fly to places they could only once read about Email has replaced snail-mail Workplaces now have airconditioning Online shopping has almost replaced in-store shopping Families eat out twice as much Marriages are more likely made from love than economic need Doubled rate of divorce Tripled rate of teen suicide Quadrupled rate of juvenile violent crime Quintupled prison population More depression Americans spend more hours at work, fewer hours sleeping, & less time with friends & family

Culture and the Self If a culture nurtures an individual’s personal identity, it is said to be individualist, but if a group identity is favored then the culture is described as collectivist. Individualism: giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals & defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Culture and the Self Collectivism: giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly. A collectivist support system can benefit groups who experience disasters such as the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. Individuals within a culture vary and cultures include varying subgroups. But cross-cultural psychologists have discovered some variations across cultures, ranging from the individualism found in the US to the collectivism of rural Asia

Culture and the Self Both Individualistic cultures and Collective cultures have benefits & costs

Unit 2: Nature v Nurture 3.2.16 Notebooks out please!

Entry Task Handout 3-8 Write a number next to each statement to indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with each one. 1=strongly disagree 5=strongly agree

Scoring Reverse the number you put next to #s 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 12, 14, & 15 Add up all of the numbers You should have a total score somewhere between 15 & 75 The higher the score, the greater your collectivist tendency.

Discovering Psychology Episode 26: Cultural Psychology

Culture and Child-Rearing Individualist cultures (western) raise their children as independent individuals whereas collectivist cultures (eastern) raise their children as interdependent. Jose Luis Palaez, Inc./ Corbis

Culture and Child-Rearing Westernized Cultures Asian-African Cultures Responsible for your self Responsible to group Follow your conscience Priority to obedience Discover your gifts Be true to family-self Be true to yourself Be loyal to your group Be independent Be interdependent Child-rearing practices reflect the values of the culture (individualist or collectivist)

Discussion Please read ‘Event 1’ Read ‘Event 2’ Read ‘Event 3’ Handout 3-7

Developmental Similarities Across Groups Despite diverse cultural backgrounds, humans are more similar than different in many ways. We share the same genetic profile, life cycle, capacity for language, & biological needs. Copyright Steve Reehl