HW: Read pg 68-78 and complete yellow key concept questions. Warm UP Meiji Restoration Sino Japanese War Russo-Japanese War Nationalism HW: Read pg 68-78 and complete yellow key concept questions.

Nationalism and imperialist expansion in japan 1894-1914

LESSON 1A – JAPANESE NATIONALISM AND MILITARISM Essential Question Assess the origins of Japanese nationalism and militarism Learning Outcomes - Students will: Preview – Japan? Learn about pre and post 1868 Japan Watch videos about wars in Indo-China Success Criteria I can create an outline to answer my essential question https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl_M

PREVIEW – WHAT DO YOU KNOW? What countries surround Japan? Why do you think Japan attacked America in 1941? Why do you think Japan decided to ally itself with Germany and Italy?

Meiji restoration Cultural Nationalism: Japan rejected Chinese Confucianism in favor of their own Shinto religion and philosophy. said Japan had been created by the Sun Goddess imperial families were descended from the Sun Goddess, making the emperor a ‘living god’ (rising sun became the symbol of Japan) made the official state belief in 1868 and was an essential part of the pro-emperor nationalism Japanese culture Emperor worship Reintroduce Shinto as the state religion

Meiji restoration This increased Japanese nationalism was expressed in numerous ways: 1. Adoption of western science and technology 2 Creation of a modern army and navy 3. Rise in imperialism (starting with Japanese interest in Korea) Modernization became an important part of the Meiji Restoration goal was to resist Western influence (particularly democracy) and enable Japan to become powerful “State nationalism” – emphasized the cultural incompatibility of eastern and western values Renewed interest in traditional Japanese culture and an increase in nationalism New Emperor Meiji wanted to turn Japan into a ‘modern’ and ‘civilized’ country Japanese Nationalism = Western ideas + Japanese culture Western ideas Conscription (ends Samari) End hierarchy system Mass education for all (’75 – 45% in school, 1905 – ’98%) Western dress worn in court Economic privatisation led by huge corp called Zaibatsu

COAL PRODUCTION IN JAPAN FROM 1875-1913 Period Coal Production (metric tons) 1875 600,000 1885 1,200,000 1895 5,000,000 1905 13,000,000 1913 21,300,000

THE SIZE OF THE JAPANESE MERCHANT FLEET FROM 1873-1913 Period Number of Steamships 1873 26 1894 169 1904 797 1913 1514

ROAD MILEAGE IN JAPAN FROM 1873-1913 Period Track (miles) 1872 18 1883 240 1887 640 1894 2100 1904 4700 1914 7100

IB PRACTICE Outline What is Japanese nationalism? Essential Question What are its origins? Essential Question Assess the origins of Japanese nationalism and militarism What is the question asking? Hint: Command Term What separate questions are asked here? What is the origin of Japanese nationalism? What is Japanese nationalism? What is the origin of Japanese militarism? What is Japanese militarism?

PAPER 1 – MOVE TO GLOBAL WAR Case study 1: Japanese expansion in East Asia (1931–1941) Causes of expansion The impact of Japanese nationalism and militarism on foreign policy Japanese domestic issues: political and economic issues, and their impact on foreign relations Political instability in China Events Japanese invasion of Manchuria and northern China (1931) Sino-Japanese War (1937–1941) The Three Power/Tripartite Pact; the outbreak of war; Pearl Harbor (1941) Responses League of Nations and the Lytton report Political developments within China—the Second United Front International response, including US initiatives and increasing tensions between the US and Japan

Warm UP Throwing off Asia Treaty of Shimonoseki Liaodong Peninsula Treaty of Portsmouth Pg. 79 Practice Paper 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuO2W6ZlMsk

(Popular Japanese song, 1880s) JAPANESE IMPERIALISM In the West there is England, In the North, Russia. My countrymen, be careful! Outwardly they make treaties, But you cannot tell What is at the bottom of their hearts. There is a Law of Nations, it is true, But when the moment comes, remember, The Strong eat up the Weak. (Popular Japanese song, 1880s) Lessons from the Western nations – the strong eat up the weak survival of the fittest (Social Darwinism) In the age of empire, Japan needed an empire to survive, or else it will be “eaten up” Ex. China - Japan criticized China for not adapting to this new world Japan felt obliged to force this ‘progress’ to China and Korea before they were taken over by the west There was also a sense of “throwing off Asia”

We must not wait for neighbouring countries to become civilized so that we can together promote Asia’s revival. Rather we should leave their ranks and join forces with the civilized countries of the West. We don’t have to give China and Korea any special treatment just because they are neighbouring countries. We should deal with them as Western people do. Those who have bad friends cannot avoid having a bad reputation. I reject the idea that we must continue to associate with bad friends in East Asia. From ‘On Throwing off Asia’ by Fukuzawa Yukichi, Quoted in Oka Yoshitake’s excellent “Prologue” to Marlene Mayo, ed.,The Emergence of Imperial Japan

First Sino-Japanese war 1894-1895 Both Japan and China had imperialist interest in Korea, both countries sent troops in to take advantage of Korean political unrest in1880s Tensions from this rivalry led to outbreak of war between Japan and China in 1894 (modernization of Japanese army and navy made it easy for them to defeat Chinese forces) China sought a peace, agreed to Korean independence and Japanese acquisition of various territories, including Formosa (Taiwan) and was forced to sign trade agreements with Japan https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9mlfpl8p74

First Sino-Japanese war 1894-1895 Japan was forced to give up the Liaodong Peninsula in China, which heightened tensions between Japan and Russia First Sino-Japanese war 1894-1895 Victory over China heightened feelings of nationalism in Japan and increased support for militarism and imperialism Russia, France and Germany worked together to force Japan to give up territorial gains in mainland China (felt their trade access to China was threatened due to anti-western feelings in Japan) This “Triple Intervention” only increased anti-western feelings and support for aggressive nationalism in Japan (and cause them to start preparing for war with Russia) 1876 – Treaty of Kanghwa Korea gains independence, with Japan receiving preferential treatment China is upset because it saw Korea as part of its protectorate 1894-5 – Sino-Japanese War Begins as a Korean rebellion against Japan, but results in a Japanese victory over the Chinese Treaty of Shimonoseki – Japan gains control of Korea, Manchuria and Taiwan However Russia, France and Germany protest and Japan is forced to give up control of the Liaodong Peninsula to Russia

Japan gains an empire An end to the unfair treaties with Western powers Ex. 1902 – defensive military alliance signed with Britain against Russia Development of racist attitudes by the Japanese Similar to European attitudes towards Natives in North America

The real birthday of the new Japan … began with the conquest of China The real birthday of the new Japan … began with the conquest of China. The war is ended; the future, though clouded, seems big with promise; and, however grim the obstacles to loftier and more enduring achievements, Japan has neither fears nor doubts. Perhaps the future danger is just in this immense self-confidence. It is not a new feeling created by victory. It is a race feeling, which repeated triumphs have served only to strengthen. Quoted from Lafcadio Hearn’s book: Kokoro, by Shumpei Okamoto in Impressions of the Front.

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Russia and Japan both wanted to increase their influence in Korea and China (particularly Manchuria) Japan had built railroads, developed Korean timber industry and had a strong financial presence Russia convinced China to sign a 20-year lease allowing them access to the Liaodong Peninsula, along with the right to build the South Manchurian Railway to give Russia a direct link between Vlaldivostok and Port Arthur through Korea (this infuriated Japan!!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS-N_IPCRSc Anglo Japanese Alliance (1902) Ended Jap isolation, 1st military alliance with the West Russo-Japanese War (1905) Over Manchuria and Korea, Japan crushed Russia, earning respect as a military power (Naval power) 1904 – Japanese fleet launch a surprise attack on Port Arthur Japan able to mobilize 1 million soldiers for battles in Manchuria which Japan wins 1905 – Treaty of Portsmouth Russia recognizes Japan’s claim to Korea and get 25 year lease over Port Arthur Impact – First time an Asian power has defeated a Western Power

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 Japan’s victory over Russia made it a major political and military power in the Far East 1905: US agreed to recognize Japanese interests in Korea (declared a Japanese protectorate, then part of the empire in 1910) Japan promised not to interfere in US interests in the Philippines Russia used the Boxer Rebellion (1900) as an excuse to invade Manchuria, but didn’t withdraw troops following the rebellion This led Japan to sign the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) in an effort to protect their interests in China and limit those of Russia, didn’t work Japan declared war on Russia in 1904, forced Russia to surrender and agree to a peace negotiation in 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth (negotiated in part by Theodore Roosevelt) helped ease tensions between Russia and Japan Treaty of Portsmouth: Russia recognized its special interests in Korea Japan got southern half of Sakhalin Island Remainder of the Russian lease on the Liaodong Peninsula South Manchurian Railway 1904 – Japanese fleet launch a surprise attack on Port Arthur Japan able to mobilize 1 million soldiers for battles in Manchuria which Japan wins 1905 – Treaty of Portsmouth Russia recognizes Japan’s claim to Korea and get 25 year lease over Port Arthur Impact – First time an Asian power has defeated a Western Power

Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905

Japan had officially become an Imperial Power Japan had officially become an Imperial Power. They had ‘thrown off Asia’, defeated the hated Unequal Treaties and had defeated a major Western Power.

IB PRACTICE Outline What is Japanese nationalism? What are its origins? What is Japanese militarism? What is the origin of Japanese militarism? Essential Question Assess the origins of Japanese nationalism and militarism Did we answer the entire question today? What separate questions are asked here? What is the origin of Japanese nationalism? What is Japanese nationalism? What is the origin of Japanese militarism? What is Japanese militarism? Which of these questions can we answer today? Under your essential question, create an outline for this section