Day 5 – Collapse of Imperial China "Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun.“ Mao Zedong

Day 6 – Collapse of Imperial China Enduring Understandings International conflict often leads to domestic changes. 3. In times of crisis, people often turn to strong leaders in search of stability. 4. Aggression will typically continue until it is stopped by force or the threat of force. 5. Conflicts of the 20th Century were rooted in political and ideological differences around the world. Day 6 – Collapse of Imperial China and review of Stalin 10. Why did the Chinese Qing Empire fall to the Kuomintung of Sun Yixian? Identify similarities and differences between the fall of monarchy in China and the fall of monarchy in Russia and France. 11. Describe the ways the Kuomintung was different from the Chinese Communist Party. Why would these differences later lead to significant public support for the Communsits led by Mao Zedong? 12. Create a chart highlighting the differences and similarities between the Soviet Communists and the Chinese Communists. 13. What was the Long March and why was it important?

Day 6 – Collapse of Imperial China and review of Stalin Review how Imperial China falls to Nationalists and Civil War – Complete page 11 to understand the events of the first part of the Chinese Civil War and the fall of Imperial China Complete geography skills – The Long March page 12 and 13 to understand how geography can help you to understand historical events Read page 14 to understand the connection between Mao and the Chinese peasants.

Collapse of Imperial China 1. The Qing Dynasty, the last of the ruling Chinese dynasties, collapsed in 1911 under the weight of: Causes: foreign imperialism, inept government, Backward and lacking modernity nationalism for a stronger, independent China. Economic difficulties Conflict among competing warlords Effects: Republic of China under Kuomintang of Sun Yixian created 2. SunYixian gives authority to Yuan Shikai Causes: Sun is a weak, the bureaucracy inept and warlords want power Effects: Yuan attempted to become a dictator – violating the democratic principles of Sun Yixian’s revolution. Further civil war amongst warlords Public infrastructure fell into disrepair.

Collapse of Imperial China 3. The May Fourth Movement: Popular nationalist demonstrations involving workers, intellectuals, professionals, small bourgeoisie Caused by: Outrage over Treaty of Versailles that gave parts of China to Japan Effects: Lots of people supported Chinese nationalism Many young educated Chinese turned away form Western-style modernization and adopted Marxist-Leninist beliefs Chinese Communist Party is created by 1921 4. After Sun Yixian dies, Jiang Jieshi takes over the Kuomintang, gets support from the Soviet Union and joins forces with the Communists to unify China. By 1927, Jiang Jieshi’s army takes Shanghai Cause: fear by Kuomintang that the Communists would take over and create a socialist system (Jiang had lots of support and friends among the wealthy) Effects: Shanghai massacre of Communists, communists were very angry, Britain and US recognizes Jiang’s Republic of China. beginning the first Chinese Civil War in Shanghai

Collapse of Imperial China The Long March Causes – Communists were attacked by Kuomintang and had to retreat to save themselves Effects – Mao Zedong became the acknowledged leader of the Communist party, The communists became a very disciplined party More and more peasants supported the communists Communists paid for produce they took Redistributed land to poor peasants Did not participate in corruption like Jiang’s Kuomintang. Japan invades Manchuria (northeastern part of China) Causes – Japan wanted natural resources, Japanese imperialism, China was weak and almost defenseless Effects – China civil war stops – 2nd United Front to save China from Japan – hundreds of thousands of Chinese die, farmland destroyed

Post Dynasty Leaders of China Jiang Jieshi Sun Yixian Mao Zedong

The Long March

Mao Zedong 1893-1976 The Nationalist were winning the war until the second Sino-Japanese war broke out, actually the start of WWII in Asia. Mao approaches the Nationalists and proposes a cease fire and for the two sides to join in the fight against Japan. Good Plan. Mao receives aid from the USA. During the era of WWII the communist party in China grew considerably. At the conclusion of WWII, the Communist and the Nationalist resumed their civil war. The Communist eventually prevailed, paving the way for the creation of a Communist China.

Day 6 – Nationalism in India and SW Asia Enduring Understandings International conflict often leads to domestic changes. 3. In times of crisis, people often turn to strong leaders in search of stability. 5. Conflicts of the 20th Century were rooted in political and ideological differences around the world. Day 6 – Nationalism in India and SW Asia 14. How does WWI help propel Indian Nationalists to work for independence? 15. How is Gandhi’s satyagraha (civil disobedience) different from the Russian Revolution and the Chinese Civil War as a means to achieve political change? Which method is better? Explain why. 16. Describe the movements for independence in Arabia, Iran and Turkey. How do these compare to India, China and Russia?

Gandhi 1869-1948 Gandhi was the preeminent political and spiritual leader of the Indian Independence movement. Gandhi led the campaign to rid India of British rule. He relied on peaceful methods to achieve his goals. His trademark approach to protest was known as Satyagraha- “resistance to tyranny through mass civil disobedience firmly founded on Non- Violence”. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for achieving many goals: easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity increasing economic self-reliance, but above all the INC worked tirelessly for achieving Swaraj—the independence of India from foreign domination.

Gandhi Growth of Indian Nationalism catapults Gandhi to the forefront of the Indian Independence Movement. Key events cause Indian unity and anger towards British: 2. WWI- unfulfilled promise of Freedom after many Indians fought in Europe for Britain and with Wilson’s 14 points promising self-determination. 3. Rowlatt Act- Prison for protestors up to 2 years for with no trial. Resulted in violent protests because it denied fundamental civil right of jury trial 4. Amristar Massacre- 10,000 Indians come to protest, unaware that it is illegal. Brits think the crowd has gathered as a defiant act, open fire- kill 400, wound 1,200. Led to millions of Indians shifting allegiance from Britain to becoming Indian nationalists. 5. Campaign of satyagraha “civil disobedience” Indians revolt through mass, non-violent means including economic boycott such as making one’s own thread, fabric and clothing. 6. Gandhi’s most memorable protest was known as the “Salt March”. In 1930 a march was held to defy the Salt Acts which required Indians to buy salt only from government and pay tax to government. 230 mile march to the Sea to make own salt. 60,000 people put in Jail.

Gandhi

Gandhi

Gandhi Gandhi’s efforts result initially in the Government of India Act of 1935, which establishes “Self Rule” for India. Not full independence. India would remain part of the British Empire as a “Dominion of the Crown” until January 26, 1950.

Turkey gains becomes a Republic (sorta) During a time of civil unrest Ottoman Empire had a weak Sultan (remember from the time of Suleiman the Magnificent rulers would kill their best sons to prevent the sons from overthrowing them – leading to increasingly inept rulers.) After WWI in 1919 the Sultan was unable to deal with a Greek invasion. Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk), a military officer, led the defense of Turkey Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) then leads a revolution against the Sultan The Republic of Turkey is created in 1923 Elected legislature Freedom of Religion (Islam is removed from connection to state) European-style courts Government funded industrialization and education

Persia becomes Iran After WWI, Britain tries to take over political and economic control of Persia. Like Ataturk in Turkey, Reza Khan, an army officer, leads a revolt Reza Khan crowns himself Shah Reza Pahlavi The new Shah also creates a legislature (Majlis) but all power remains in his hands. Modernizes Iran’s Schools Roads Industries Transportation economy

Saudi Arabia is created Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud is the patriarch of a powerful Arab family During WWI he negotiates with the British (who had imperialized all of Arab and many Muslim lands) Saud unites many Arab clans, and in 1932 creates the country, Kingdom, of Saudi Arabia It has lots of oil Governed according to Islamic Law