Chpt. 22: Imperialism & the Far East Learning Objectives Language Objectives Describe the Manchus’ attitude toward other Chinese and other cultures Describe the Open- Door policy Explain how trade was opened with Japan List how Japan modernized Retell how Japan’s industrialism led to imperialism

Manchus Establish Qing Dynasty People of Manchuria invaded northern China – in 1644 Overthrew Ming Dynasty, conquered all of China Created Qing Dynasty, which lasted 250 years – was last one Manchus thought they were better than other Chinese people Passed laws against other Chinese

Manchus Establish Qing Dynasty Passed laws against other Chinese Also looked down on rest of the world Only allowed trade through Canton for about 200 years – they didn’t think they needed anything from other countries Manchus were prosperous (doing well financially) for 150 years Agriculture was good Handicraft industry (making goods by hand) also expanded Population expanded Life became harder by late 1700s Too many people, not enough food

Manchus Establish Qing Dynasty China had been a leader in science & medicine, but fell behind the Europeans by the 1800s Because they were isolated from other countries, they didn’t learn about new ideas The Manchus were now ruling a troubled China

Opium War Europeans wanted to trade with Chinese Especially to get tea & silk Chinese didn’t want anything from the Europeans, until they discovered Opium Opium is a very dangerous drug was growing in India Many Chinese became addicted to Opium China made it illegal, so Europeans smuggled it in ships & made very large profits Great Britain & China went to war when Manchu officials burned 20,000 chests of Opium GB won – they signed Treaty of Nanjing

Opium War

Opium War Treaty of Nanjing – 1st of Unequal Treaties China had to Pay for lost opium All costs of war Open 5 ports for British trade Give island of Hong Kong to Britain Treaties protected British from Chinese laws British citizens could not be tried for crimes committed in China Chinese felt helpless against the British

Chinese Rebellion Chinese also had trouble within the country Farmers (peasants) were poor, felt the rulers were too wealthy, greedy, & unfair Peasants rebelled Called rebellion Great Peace Lasted from 1850-1864 Millions lost their lives – Manchus won Foreign interference helped the Manchus win Great Britain, US, & other Western nations didn’t want to lose trading rights They sent weapons & military help

War with Japan China had claims on Korea for hundreds of years When rebellion broke out in 1894 Chinese sent troops to put down the rebellion Japan also wanted some control in Korea, sent troops Once rebellion was crushed, neither side wanted to remove their troops They started fighting each other Japan defeated the Chinese China had to give up claims to Korea China had to give Taiwan to Japan By 1910, Japan took complete control of Korea

War with Japan War left China weak Manchu rulers lost respect They were nervous that European countries would invade & divide up China into colonies U.S. proposed “Open Door Policy” Would give all countries equal rights to trade in China Manchu agreed to the policy to prevent colonization China is now completely open for trade

Boxer Rebellion Manchu empress Cixi wanted to keep China the way it was Group of Chinese rebelled against the foreigners Empress secretly supported them Foreigners called them “boxers” because they did martial arts and looked like boxers in U.S. Boxers tried to kill all foreigners An international army put down the rebellion China was forced to pay for damages of the rebellion US used $$ to educate Chinese children – gained favor with Chinese

Sun Yatsen & the Chinese Nationalists Qing dynasty last one to rule China Rebellions weakened government War with Japan cost a lot in land losses & power Many foreign countries in China, with influence Government was too weak to protect the country from foreigners China needed a new government Sun Yatsen, Chinese doctor in US & Europe raising funds for rebellion against Manchu He returned to China in 1911 Led a revolution, overthrew Manchu empire Jan. 1, 1912 he became first President of China’s new republic Last emperor, 6 years old, gave up throne

Sun Yatsen & the Chinese Nationalists Sun’s term only lasted 2 months Yuan Shikai, military officer, took over Sun & followers formed the Nationalist political party Harsh rulers fought for control for years – people suffered By 1922, civil war broke out Nationalist party tried to bring China together under a Nationalist government Trained an army Got support from the Soviet Union & Chinese Communists Jiang Jieshi took over after Sun Yatsen died By 1928, he set up Nationalist government China left behind its dynasties & entered the modern world

Sun Yatsen & the Chinese Nationalists San Yatsen A group of armed soldiers at Swatow (Shantou) on the first day of the outbreak of the Chinese Revolution.

Japan Opens Its Doors After 1600, Japan became an isolated nation Tokugawa family ruled Did not allow: Visitors Foreign products Foreign travel Exporting Japanese products If a sailor shipwrecked on Japan’s shore, he would be killed or arrested

Japan Opens Its Doors US Naval Commodore Matthew C. Perry got Japan to open up to trade & interaction with other countries Sailed into Tokyo Bay with four warships & a letter from the President The letter asked Japan to change its policies Better treatment of shipwrecked sailors Allow whaling ships to buy supplies from Japan Japan agree to trade goods with US Japanese impressed by him & his ships, guns

Commodore Matthew Perry Perry meeting with Japanese officials Commodore Matthew Perry

The Japanese were in awe over the US ships, which had black smoke rising from them. They had never seen steam ships, and called them “dragons.” They also were shocked at the size of the guns on the ships.

Japan Opens Its Doors Perry returned the next year, bringing more ships The ruling shogun signed the treaty, the ports were opened & Japan entered a new era … …the beginning of a “Modern Japan”

A Modern Japan 1858 – Japan signed another, more extensive treaty with the US. Japan also signed treaties with Great Britain France The Netherlands Russia Many things change after this, but some don’t want changes Believers in Old Ways Get foreigners out Treaties are unequal Believers in Modernizing Learn from Western World Feudal system outdated Shogun /samurai era to end

A Modern Japan 1867 – Young emperor Mutsuhito came to power He & followers begin modernization of Japan Adopted “Meiji” as his title – “enlightened rule” He ruled Japan until 1912 – known as the “Meiji period” Traveled to other countries Learned about industry, education, transportation, and banking Built schools and brought in foreigners to teach First Japanese Constitution is written Emperor still “divine” (part God) – he holds power, but takes advice from elected representatives Modern navy, army (no samurai) Built steel mills, shipyards, electrical power plants

Japanese Imperialism As Japan became more industrial, it needed more raw materials Like other countries, it wanted overseas colonies It would have to go to war to get them 1894-1895: Japan was at war with China over Korea With modern military, it easily defeated China Took island of Taiwan 1904 – Russia tried to take Korea At war again! Russo-Japanese War Cost a lot for both sides Japan won again – got some lands in China that were controlled by Russia

Japanese Imperialism In 1910 – Japan took over Korea completely Japan’s victories surprised the world It was the first time an Asian nation had proved stronger than a European nation This was the beginning of Japanese imperialism