What were the outcomes of the crisis and who ‘won’? Both leaders claimed triumph over the other after the Cuban missile crisis! What do you think? Read the statements below and make your decision on who won! Cuba stayed Communist with many weapons, just not nuclear ones! Kennedy gained a reputation as a strong leader in his own country and the western world Khrushchev was made to back down Cuba remained an ally of the Soviet Union Khrushchev was seen as a peace maker, willing to negotiate before going to war. A permanent phone line was set up between Moscow and Washington to encourage talking between the two opposing countries. The USA faced criticism from some of its allies claiming that they were hypocritical to react so badly to nuclear weapons in Cuba 1963: The nuclear Test ban Treaty was signed which limited the testing of Nuclear weapons The policy of containment became more popular as it was clear that Communism could not be removed without the threat of a nuclear war Kennedy secretly removed the missiles from Turkey which let down his NATO alliances Nuclear weapons were still invented and the USSR remained behind the USA in the arms race In 1964 Khrushchev was removed from power by his enemies as saw him as too weak Khrushchev Kennedy Both

Task: Complete the SECOND ROW of this table Case study Why the US were worried Methods of containment US problems Outcome Success / failure score /10 + explain

Exam style questions (a) What actions did the USA take against Cuba before the Bay of Pigs invasion? [4] (b) Why was the Bay of Pigs invasion a failure? [6] (c) ‘The main reason Khrushchev put missiles on Cuba was for defensive purposes.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10]

THE BEGINNINGS OF THE VIETNAM WAR LO - to understand the origins of the Vietnam conflict http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/vietnam-war-history https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgW0o-Ui94k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fd8wKKfN7sM

Key terms Communism – A classless society where everything is equally owned and controlled. Viet Minh / Viet Cong: Communist / Independence movement under leader Ho Chi Minh Ngo Dinh Diem: Leader of the anti Communist army / government in South Vietnam Domino Theory Guerilla War

The origins of the conflict Since the late 19th C Vietnam had been ruled by France – known as Indochina. France defeated in WW2 by Germany in 1940 During WW2 Japan took control of the main resources of Vietnam (Coal, Rice, Rubber). At this time a strong Anti-Japanese movement emerged – called the Viet Minh; under the leadership of Communist Ho Chi Minh (ex teacher). Ho was a great individual – inspired people to fight Independent Vietnam declared 2nd September 1945

Ho Chi Minh

In 1945 the Viet Minh entered the city of Hanoi and declared Vietnam independent. The French had other ideas = fight Ho had not fought the Japanese to give power back to France. 1946 = war between French and Viet Minh. USA SYMPATHISED WITH THE VIET MINH (not understanding they were a Communist power ;)) By 1949 Communists had taken over China - now the US saw the Viet Minh as the puppets of Mao Tse Tung (China). They feared a Communist plan to dominate all of south east Asia. US poured in support for the French with $3 billion of financial aid.

The Geneva Agreement (peace conference) The war dragged from 1946 – 54. The French generally controlled the towns. The Viet Minh, the countryside. The Viet Minh guerilla tactics made them impossible to beat- tied up troops in a hit and run raid -90,000 casualties. 1954 – French were defeated at a place called Dien Bien Phu (French lost 3000 men / 8000 captured and Vietnam had won with help from the USSR and China!) The Geneva Agreement (peace conference) Gave Vietnam independence Split North (Communist) & south (democratic) Demilitarized zone between the two North – led by Ho Chi Minh South – Ngo Dinh Diem Elections would be held within TWO years to reunite the country THE AMWRICANS DID NOT LIKE THE SOUND OF THESE ELECTIONS!

19th C French ruled Vietnam as Indochina

Why did US get involved? President Lyndon B Johnson believed in the Domino Theory Idea was– if Vietnam fell, then Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Burma – even India might fall. By 1964 Johnson was looking for an excuse to become more involved

Why did the USA get involved?

Ho Chi Min Ngo Dinh Diem Anti Communist Diem had the support of the USA – he would stop the spread of Communism He was rich & Catholic – most of the South was poor and Buddhist. Extremely corrupt The USA grew to hate him Sent 1.6 billion dollars to set up the Republic of Vietnam in the South Overthrown in 1963 by his own army leaders Ho Chi Min Did not accept the division of Vietnam Set up the National Liberation Front (NLF) in the South in 1960 Diem called them “Vietnamese Commies” (Vietcong for short) South Vietnamese opponents and North Vietnamese Peasants were often forced to join the Vietcong

Guerilla War The Viet Cong started a guerilla war against the Southern government Attacked government offices, officials ans buildings as well as American air bases and supply bases By 1962 Kennedy was sending military personnel (´advisers´) to help fight the Viet Cong In 1963-64 tensión between North and South increased USA had sent 11,500 troops by Dec 1962 and 23,000 by Dec 1964

Lyndon B Johnson 2nd August 1964, in the gulf of Tonkin, North Vietnamese boats opened fire on US ships in the Gulf of Tonkin – The Tonkin Resolution “take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression and achieve peace and security” 8th March 1965: USA sent 3500 marines, tropos and advisers and America was officially at war! Between 1964 – 1975 the US sent 2.8million soldiers “Later, when more information about the Tonkin incident became available, many concluded that Johnson and his advisers had misled Congress into supporting the expansion of the war” http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/gulf-of-tonkin-resolution

Why did US get involved? French had been driven out Initially to support Diem’s Govt To stop the Communists To stop further communist successes (domino theory) Gulf of Tonkin incident Once they became more involved – the US had to escalate to try and beat the VC UN would not get involved – Russian Veto

In protest of South Vietnamese attacks on Buddhist shrines (1963). http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-MBhe5Wac8