The Eastern Powers
The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t?
The Ottoman Empire The Eighteenth-century Problems Decentralization Janissary discipline declined Economically dependent on European demands Territories lost
The Ottoman Empire The Greek Revolt (1821-29) Fueled by nationalism, ideas of French Rev. Ottomans, Egypt vs. Greeks, Great Powers Battle of Navarino (October 20, 1827) Greek victory Kingdom of Greece (1830) Battle of Navarino
The Ottoman Empire Reforms of Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) Broke power of local rulers New, European-styled army elimination of Janissaries (1826) Updated bureaucracy Embassies in Europe
The Ottoman Empire The Tanzimat (1839-1876) “Reorganization” along European, secular lines New trends and reforms OTTOMANISM New schools, outside control of ulama New civil, penal codes Constitution (1876)
The Ottoman Empire Reaction of Abdul Hamid II (r. 1876-1909) “Pan-Islam,” rather than Ottomanism Suspended constitution Censoring, spies Brutal suppression of revolts
The Ottoman Empire Questions?
Russia The Decembrist Revolt (Dec. 14, 1825) Alexander I Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) Secret societies wanted reform, constitution Reform-minded troops revolted failure
Russia Nicholas’s Program Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality Censorship Political police “Gendarme of Europe” Nicholas I
Russia Crimean War (1853-56) Began over Orthodox rights, Russian claims in Ottoman Empire Russia invaded Ottomans’ Danubian principalities British, French declaration of war Russian defeat! Conclusion: Russia weak, backward!
Russia Reforms of Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) EMANCIPATION MANIFESTO (1861) Zemstvos Judicial (1864) Military (1874) Alexander II
Russia Assassination of Alexander II (March 13, 1881) Previous attempts The People’s Will Bomb explosion mortally wounded
Russia Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood (1883-1907), St. Petersburg
Russia Questions?
Japan The Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868) Goal: maintain political stability Presided over period of growth Economic, agricultural prosperity Urbanization High literacy rates
Japan The West Confronts Japan Policy of isolation maintained Commodore Matthew Perry of U.S.A. arrived 1853 Demanded opening of ports Japan agreed The arrival of Commodore Perry
Japan Meiji Restoration (1868) Support for shogunate eroded Civil war (1866-68) end of shogunate Power now “restored” to Emperor Meiji (r. 1867-1912) New capital: Tokyo Emperor Meiji
Japan Modernization – Japanese Style! Feudalism abolished centralized state National army, navy Universal primary school system Shinto Industrialization
Japan
Japan Japan and the World Victor in wars with China (1894-95), Russia (1904-05) First Asian state to defeat European power! West accepted it as equal player
Japan Questions?
China The Qing and the British British confined to Guangzhou, lost considerably in trade exchanges Requests for additional ports, presence in Beijing rejected (1793, 1816) Solution to trade problem: opium widespread addiction China’s trade surplus disappeared
China Opium den
China The Opium Wars First (1839-1842), Second (1858-1860) Began after opium banned, confiscated, destroyed China suffered British, French attacks Consequences Hong Kong British More ports open Extraterritoriality for Westerners Nemesis destroying a junk
China The Qing No capable rulers Empress Dowager CIXI (1835-1908) Regent for son, nephew Notorious for luxury, self-indulgence Blocked reform Cixi
China The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901) Captured and killed foreigners, missionaries Laid siege to embassies in Beijing Western powers, Japan captured Beijing
China
China The Revolution of 1911 Many called for overthrow of Qing, formation of republic Revolt (October 1911) abdication of Xuantong (r. 1908-1912) Republic of China declared 1912
China Questions?
The Eastern Powers How can we compare, contrast the eastern powers? What were their different responses to the West, modernity? Who made out, and who didn’t?