2 Medical Science: History and Practice Lesson 1: The History of Medicine

Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to: Define and spell the terms to learn for this chapter. Discuss the contributions of early medicine to healthcare. Discuss medical contributors of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries.

Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this lesson, students should be able to: Identify and discuss the role women played in the history of medicine. Discuss modern medicine and the future of medicine.

History of Medicine The First Doctors Shamans Witch doctors Sorcerers

History of Medicine Code of Hammurabi Used by Babylonian physicians in 3000 BC Named after Hammurabi, an early king of Babylon Laws relate to the practice of medicine Included severe penalties for errors

Contributions of Ancient Civilizations Egyptians Lists of remedies Surgical treatments of wounds and injuries Records for sanitation Jewish Religion and Culture Personal hygiene practices Sanitary preparation of food Other matters of public health

Contributions of Ancient Civilizations Greeks Use of nonpoisonous snakes to treat wounds The caduceus, the recognized symbol for medicine, depicts a healing staff with two snakes coiled around it Indian Herbal medical remedies as early as 800 BC

FIGURE 2-1 A caduceus, the emblem of the medical profession.

Contributions of Ancient Civilizations Chinese Writings about human blood pulses around 250 BC Japanese and Chinese Practice of acupuncture

Critical Thinking Question What medicinal remedies were developed in ancient civilizations and are still being used today?

Early Medicinal Remedies Still Used Today Opium derivates used in medication Nitroglycerin to treat heart patients Digitalis from the foxglove plant to regulate and strengthen the heartbeat Sulfur and cayenne pepper to stop bleeding Chamomile and licorice to aid digestion Cranberry to treat urinary tract infections

Early Medicine Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century Medieval period Often called “the dark ages” Time of little or no progress in medical practices Poor personal hygiene, poor nutrition, and lack of sanitation led to many epidemics

Early Medicine Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century Fourteenth century bubonic plague considered a pandemic Called black plague, or black death, because corpses appeared dark from hemorrhaging under the skin Cause of plague: bacterium that grows primarily in fleas of infected rats and rodents

Early Medicine Fifth Century to Sixteenth Century Medical teaching primarily verbal Surgeons treated only the wealthy Other patients relied on local barber to perform surgical procedures

Hippocrates 460-377 BC Known as “Father of Western Medicine” Took medicine from realm of mysticism and philosophy and transformed it into scientific discovery and practice Stressed body’s healing nature Formed clinical descriptions of diseases Discovered ability to identify some diseases by listening to the chest

Critical Thinking Questions What is the Hippocratic Oath? Is the Hippocratic Oath relevant to physicians in the 21st century? If so, how?

The Hippocratic Oath Part of the writings of Hippocrates Serves as a widely used ethical guide for physicians

The Hippocratic Oath Oath includes the physician’s pledge to: Work for the good of the patient Do the patient no harm Prescribe no deadly drugs Give no advice that could cause death Keep confidential medical information regarding the patient

Early Medicine Galen 130-201 AD Greek physician who practiced in Rome Initially followed Hippocratic method Stressed the value of anatomy Founded experimental physiology Based his theories on examination of pigs and apes Known as the “Prince of Physicians”

Early Medicine Galileo: 1564-1642 William Harvey: 1578-1657 First to use a telescope to study the skies, leading to the invention of the microscope William Harvey: 1578-1657 Wrote on the topic of blood circulation and using experimental method in medicine

Early Medicine Zacharias Janssen: 1580-1638 Dutch eyeglass maker who invented the microscope Anton van Leeuwenhoek: 1632-1723 First person to observe and describe bacteria Responsible for describing spermatozoa and protozoa

Medicine During the Eighteenth Century John Hunter: 1728-1793 Founder of Scientific Surgery Edward Jenner: 1749-1823 Performed the first vaccination using the cowpox vaccine

Medicine During the Eighteenth Century Rene Laennec: 1781-1826 Invented the stethoscope Benjamin Franklin:1706-1790 Discovered that colds could be passed from one person to another

Critical Thinking Question What advancements in medicine that impacted how patients were treated, occurred during the nineteenth century?

Medicine During the Nineteenth Century Documentation of accurate anatomy and physiology Use of sophisticated microscopes Use of injection materials Use of instruments such as ophthalmoscope Discovery of the cell Discovery certain diseases and wound infections caused by microorganisms

Medicine During the Nineteenth Century Louis Pasteur: 1822-1895 Established the science of bacteriology Joseph Lister: 1827-1912 Introduced antiseptic system in surgery Ignaz Semmelweiss: 1818-1865 Traced the cause of puerperal sepsis

Medicine During the Nineteenth Century Robert Koch: 1843-1910 Discovered the cause of tuberculosis Paul Ehrlich: 1854-1915 One of the original “microbe hunters”

Medicine During the Nineteenth Century Discovery of X-rays William Roentgen: 1845-1923 Discovery of radium Pierre Curie: 1859-1906 Marie Curie: 1867-1934 Discovery of psychiatry Sigmund Freud: 1856-1939

Medicine During the Nineteenth Century First demonstrated the use of ether as a general anesthetic William Morton: 1819-1868 Crawford Long: 1815-1878 Helped to conquer yellow fever Walter Reed: 1851-1902

Critical Thinking Question How has medicine advanced from the nineteenth century to the twentieth century?

Medicine During the Twentieth Century Death rates from diseases such as tuberculosis and diphtheria dropped dramatically Overall mortality rates decreased New emphasis placed on morbidity rates

Medicine During the Twentieth Century Chemotherapy and specialty of oncology developed Development of immunology Progress in endocrinology Advancements in nutrition

Medicine During the Twentieth Century Alexander Fleming: 1881–1955 Discovery of antibiotics Fleming and two other scientists won Nobel Prize for their work with penicillin – one of the first chemicals used to treat infections

Medicine During the Twentieth Century Jonas Salk: 1914–1996 and Albert Sabin: 1906–1993 Developed vaccines that eradicated polio

Medicine During the Twentieth Century Study of immunology advanced with the discovery of vaccines against: Typhoid Tetanus Diphtheria Tuberculosis Yellow fever Influenza Measles

Women in Medicine Elizabeth Blackwell: 1821-1910 First female physician in the United States Awarded degree in 1849 Florence Nightingale: 1820-1910 Founder of modern nursing Referred to as “the Lady with the Lamp”

Women in Medicine Clara Barton: 1821-1912 Established American Red Cross and Federal Bureau of Records to help track injured and dead soldiers

Modern Medicine and the Future 1954: First successful kidney transplant 1960: Invention of the heart pump 1962: Reattachment of limbs 1967: First heart transplant 1978: First test-tube baby 1984: Discovery of HIV as the cause of AIDS

Modern Medicine and the Future 1997: Cloning of first sheep 2001: Placement of an implantable heart 2001: Completion of human genome project

Modern Medicine and the Future Mapping human genes has allowed for DNA testing to: Identify criminals Provide genetic counseling for prospective parents Design treatments for diseases Identify better treatments and potential cures may be possible for certain diseases

Hope for the Future Cure for AIDS Vaccine to prevent HIV Cloning organs to overcome shortage of donors Better treatment and outcomes for mental illness Cure for heart disease, cancer, and obesity

Hope for the Future Methods to slow aging Regeneration of brain and nerve cells to overcome paralysis Development of antibiotics that do not allow bacteria to develop a resistant strain

Questions?