Chapter 13 World War II Erupts

How did this happen? Treaty of Versailles (1919) War Clause Created an uneasy rest in Europe War Clause *Germany accept guilt for starting WWI 2. Reparations *payments made to cover the cost of war; *Germany had to pay back $32 billion (422 billion today) -final payment made in 2010 3. Division of Austria-Hungary Empire *Hitler’s Homeland

Former World War I Participants *Great Britain & France avoided conflict *United States sought to isolate itself and remain apart from Europe’s troubles. *isolationism

New Kids On The Block -Germany, Italy, and Japan fell under leaders promising order and glory. *Axis Powers - By the end of the 1930s, their aggression would plunge the world once more into war.

Aggressive Leaders Axis: Allies: *Hitler (Germany) *Stalin (USSR) *Mussolini (Italy) *Hirohito (Japan) Allies: *Stalin (USSR)

I. The Soviet Union (Will fight on the Allies Side) Communism – the gov’t owns everything. Communists: took control of Russia in 1923. 1. Vladimir Lenin was the first leader of the Soviet Union. a. Died in 1924 2. Josef Stalin took control after Lenin

“enemies of the state” executed 1. The Great Purge: a. Stalin had 8-13 million “enemies of the state” executed b. A total of 25 million died (including famine deaths) Communists (Soviet Union) and Fascists/Nazies (Italy and Germany) do not like each other. The Hammer and Sickle symbol are two tools of the industrial proletariat and the peasantry; placing them together symbolizes the unity between industrial and agricultural workers. The symbol was adopted during the Communist overthrow of Czarist (King) Russia during the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917.

II. Italy Fascist – a strong centralized government headed by a powerful dictator. Benito Mussolini: Dictator of Italy and Leader of the National Fascist Party. (1922) 1. Il Duce: “the chief” 2. Considered Hitler’s puppet during WWII

III. Germany A. Post – WWI *Adolf Hitler comes into power *Depression in Germany -Worse than the U.S. *Major Debt (Reparations) *Adolf Hitler comes into power *establish Germany as th

1. Nazis – National Socialist German Worker’s Party - Take control of Germany -Adolf Hitler = Fuhrer (leader of the Nazi)

Adolf Hitler

Mein Kampf *”My Struggle” *Book by Hitler *laid out basic beliefs of Nazism

The definition of Reich is "German State", translated in English as “empire” or “reign.” First Reich, -The Holy Roman Empire (a continuation of the Roman Empire in Europe), -Lands ruled by Charlemagne (Germany, Austria, Slovenia, Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Belgium, Czech Republic, eastern France, Northern Italy and western Poland), -9th century to 19th century (800-1800 A.D.) Second Reich -aka “The German Empire”, -Ruled by Otto Von Bismark, the “Iron Chancellor” -united Germany -Ruled in areas known as Prussia -1871 to 1919 (fell with the ending of World War I) Weimar Republic -”pre-3rd Reich” -1919 to 1933 Third Reich -”Nazi Germany” -1933 to 1945 -Called it the Third Reich because he thought that under his leadership Germany could reunite the old Holy Roman Empire, bringing Germany back to its glorious days. -Ended with the fall of Germany at the end of World War II.

Nazism (3 BASIC BELIEFS) 1. Extreme Nationalism – all German-speaking people should unite. (Devotion to state) 2. “Master Race” - belief that Germans (esp. blond-haired, blue-eyed Germans) should rule the world and all other races should serve them. *Aryans 3. Living Space - Germans should take land they want. Germans need room to grow and prosper. *expansion

Axis Powers Germany Italy Japan Allied Powers Great Britain Soviet Union United States France + 22 others NeutralCountries Switzerland Spain

IV. Axis Aggression in Asia Manchuria (1931) – part of China 1. Japan takes Manchuria League of Nations (L.O.N.) -condemns aggression and expansion -too weak to stop aggression -Japan leaves the LON -Germany leaves the LON

1. Japan attacks China again without an official declaration of war. China (July of 1937) 1. Japan attacks China again without an official declaration of war. 2. League of Nations does nothing. Japanese Flags

V. Axis Aggression in Europe Violation of the Treaty of Versailles (1935) - Germany started to build up a strong military. 1. Hitler sends German troops to the border near France and Belgium. 2. The League of Nations did nothing to stop Hitler. (Appeasement) Rome-Berlin Axis Pact - formal alliance between Italy and Germany.

Italian Aggression C. Ethiopia (1935) – Italy invades and conquers Ethiopia 1. LON warns Italy to stop but does not make them leave Ethiopia. (Appeasement)

D. Spanish Civil War (1936) - Hitler helps D. Spanish Civil War (1936) - Hitler helps Francisco Franco overthrow the Spanish government. 1. Hitler gets to test out the Luftwaffe (German Air Force) 2. League of Nations does nothing. (Appeasement) 3. Spain remained neutral during WWII.

German Expansion E. Austria (1938) - -Hitler forced the Austrian Chancellor to step down or else! -Germany takes control of Austria -known as the Anchluss

F. Sudetenland – German-speaking part of Czechoslovakia. 1. Germany takes it in 1938 2. Munich Conference – attended by France, Great Britain and Hitler. a. Munich Pact – Hitler promises to stop his aggression. b. Winston Churchill – called this appeasement shameful. - appeasement = giving up principles to pacify an aggressor. 3. Germany takes rest of Chzechoslovakia within a month. 4. Winston Churchill elected Prime Minister of Britain