Review Questions 1. How did the British initiate Trade in China ? 2. What rights did the British gain with Treaty of Nanjing ? 3. Why were the British able to defeat the Chinese with ease in the Opium War ?

#3 - AIM: What was the Boxer Rebellion (28.1)

Conflict continues… Internal unrest & The 2nd Opium War called the “Arrow War” – Britain & France attack some coastal cities. Crushed again… 10 more ports opened Taiping Rebellion left Chinese government in a shambles Provincial governors become independent rulers

How did European Trade increase in China? Many foreign nations took advantage of China’s unrest and internal problems Sphere of Influence: Foreign Countries controlled China’s trade & investment B. Boxer Rebellion (1900). “Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists” ↓ “Boxers” Boxers attacked Chinese Christians and foreigners. In 1900, rebellion led to 250 foreigners being killed. Boxers attacked embassies in Beijing. International relief force stopped rebellion. Result = China had to pay indemnities. indemnities – large sums of money to foreign nations. Foreign troops in Beijing. U.S.A. pushed the “Open Door Policy“. China modernized the army and government. New subjects in schools = English, political science, physical sciences.

Humiliation! Sino-Japanese War Meiji Restoration Japan adapted to Western ideas and technology as a defense against being exploited by the West China & Japan go to war over Korea

WAR! Japan wins easily and gains “most-favored-nation” status China also pays a large amount of silver to Japan Japan gains control of Korea and Taiwan

How did China react? Humiliated by loss of power - Increased Nationalism 1898 - Young Emperor (Guagnxu) takes charge – only 100 days of reform Emperor tries to institute reforms. Reorganization of education, modernized the military & attempted government reform BUT!

Reform Slows-ThreatenS old guard Dowager Empress Cixi – (Soochee) – his adopted mother arrests Emperor and reverses reforms. Takes money for her own interests Peasants & workers resent special privileges granted to foreigners.

Boxer Rebellion [1900] “Righteous Order of Harmonious Fists” - “Boxers” Chinese citizens frustrated w/foreigners, the Empress and Christians… [1900] Boxers seized Beijing (controlled by Foreigners ) Attacks foreign embassies 250 foreigners killed

International force halts rebellion Result = China had to pay indemnities (large sums of money).

Open Door Policy After Boxer Rebellion US concerned about so many foreign nations taking advantage of China Open Door Policy 1. China should be open to all nations for trade 2. China’s continued independence

Finally Reform Foreign troops in Beijing. China tries to modernized the army and government. New subjects in schools = English, political science, physical sciences. Unfortunately, Manchu Dynasty weak & humiliated.. Stay in power until 1911

End of Imperial China Too late for Manchu Dynasty which is too weak and humiliated Revolution broke out in 1911 1912 – Emperor gave up the throne

Early Chinese Achievements Gun Powder Silk – discovered 4,000 yrs. ago Moveable type