The Roots of Revolution Imperialism in China The Roots of Revolution

China Rejects Trade with West 1500’s – China had strict trade restrictions “I set no value on strange objects and have no use for your country’s manufacturers.” Emperor Qianlong turned down requests for trading rights 1700’s - Westerners were interested in trading with China China Rejects Trade with West

Late 1700’s in China – Qing Dynasty begins to decline 2. Peasants begin to revolt against the Dynasty 1. Decrease in food production Results in the allowance of foreign trade in the port city of Guangzhou

KOWTOW, or bow low to the Chinese Emperor

Late 1700’s - Britain begins to sell opium from India in China Many Chinese become addicted China demanded payment in Silver for silks, teas, porcelains Chinese government tried to limit drug trade and drug use Harsh punishments, Death Penalty…Nothing worked Opium Sale in China

Opium War (1839-42 & 1856-60) Emperor outlawed opium 1839 - Chinese destroyed a shipment of opium Britain declared war on China Chinese military was outdated British easily won

Opium Wars (Anglo-Chinese Wars) 1839 - 1842 and 1856 - 1860

Treaty of Nanjing, 1842 Pay Britain $21 million for destroyed opium Turn Hong Kong over to the British Give trading privileges to other countries Allow foreigners to travel throughout China Allow Christian missionaries to spread religion throughout China Westerners granted extraterritoriality Treaty of Nanjing, 1842

Taiping Rebellion >20 million peasants killed 1851-1864 >20 million peasants killed Qing dynasty crushed rebellion Dynasty was greatly weakened Marked beginning of decline of the Qing Dynasty Some wanted reforms in government and society Taiping Rebellion

Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) Late 1800’s Japan defeats China Japan is rapidly modernizing and industrializing 1800’s Western nations and Japan began winning spheres of influence in China Japan defeats China Japan wins Formosa (Taiwan) Extends influence over Korea Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

An area in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges Spheres of Influence An area in which a foreign nation has special economic privileges Right to build railroads, factories, etc. Leads to political influence

John Hay Secretary of State, 1898 In office under William McKinley and T. Roosevelt Negotiated the Open Door Policy, which kept China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis Secretary of State, 1898

Open Door Policy Policy failed United States called for an “Open Door” Policy in China All nations would have equal access to trade with China Was supposed to prevent European nations from setting up colonies in China Real reason: United States arrived in China after Japan and most European nations had already established their territory Policy failed Open Door Policy

100 DAYS OF REFORMS (1898) Reforms under emperor Guang Xi What did the reformers want? Government Response Reforms under emperor Guang Xi Factories for modern weapons Sent men abroad to study Updates to civil service exams Western style schools Economic changes Western technology Preservation of Confucian culture 100 DAYS OF REFORMS (1898)

Seized power in 1898 Opposition to Reforms Dowager Cixi (Empress) Seized power in 1898 Believed that reforms threatened traditional Confucian order Opposition to Reforms

The Boxer Rebellion 1898-1901 Righteous and Harmonious Fists Concern over too many foreigners in China Anti-Foreign & Anti-Christian Desire to maintain traditional Confucian culture Boxers attacked & killed Christians & foreigners 19,0000 members of an International army crushed the Boxers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F4QdEKjEg88

Foreign armies in Beijing’s forbidden city The Boxer Rebellion Foreign armies in Beijing’s forbidden city

The End of Imperial Rule Revolution of 1911 Puyi The Last Qing Emperor China declared itself a republic No organized government from 1911-1928 Civil war Country in pieces The End of Imperial Rule