& <GML/> Galdos: Geospatial SOA Products and Solutions Provider, Systems Integrator Ron Lake – original author of GML WFS, WMS, and WRS products Clients include NATO, UK MOD, Oak Ridge National Labs, Shell, FAA/ September-19-18

GML | business drivers “…about 80 percent of all government information has a geospatial data component…In 1993…[an] estimated that $4.1 billion was spent annually, at the federal level, on collection and management of geographically referenced data…state and local governments are estimated to spend twice that of the federal government...” “…about 50 percent of the federal government’s geospatial data investment is redundant.” “…up to 80 percent of GIS costs are related to the collection and management of geospatial data.” SOURCE: United States General Accounting Office. 2003. Geographic Information Systems: Challenges to Effective Data Sharing September-19-18

GML | business drivers INSPIRE “…widespread access to and use of spatial information is still a problem in Europe. The main problems relate to data gaps, missing documentation, incompatible spatial data sets and services due e.g. to varying standards, and barriers to the sharing and reuse of spatial data.” Directive Of The European Parliament, INSPIRE 2004 September-19-18

GML | value proposition Increased utility, lower costs Ability to leverage IT investments in unforeseen ways Avoidance of further generations of closed, dead end solutions savings to investment ratio of 119% projects that adopted and implemented geospatial interoperability standards saved 26.2% compared to the projects that relied upon a proprietary standard SOURCE: Booz, Allen, Hamilton. April 2005. Geospatial Interoperability Return on Investment Study. NASA Geospatial Interoperability Office. September-19-18

<GML/> GML | technology Open XML encoding of a standard geospatial model ISO 19100 <GML/> Xerces JAXP .NET Saxon Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of application schemas as well as the transport and storage of geographic information. W3C xml xsd xlink September-19-18

Standard logical and encoding models GML | technology Standard logical and encoding models ISO/TS 19103 – Conceptual Schema Language (units of measure, basic types), ISO 19107 – Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects), ISO 19108 – Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects, temporal reference systems), ISO 19109 – Rules for application schemas (features), ISO 19111 – Spatial referencing by coordinates (coordinate reference systems), ISO 19123 – Schema for coverage geometry and functions September-19-18

GML | technology Implements ISO 19100 series ISO/TS 19103 – Conceptual Schema Language (units of measure, basic types), ISO 19107 – Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects), ISO 19108 – Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects, temporal reference systems), ISO 19109 – Rules for application schemas (features), ISO 19111 – Spatial referencing by coordinates (coordinate reference systems), ISO 19123 – Schema for coverage geometry and functions Dynamic features: feature-level and attribute-level time stamping September-19-18

GML | technology GML is XML Open standard for representing and processing data. Provides a way to mark up text content that adds information about its purpose. <gml:coordinates> 123.04243527088623,49.3000136701627 </gml:coordinates> Separates content and style The alternative to using XML is to define your own proprietary data syntax, and then build your own proprietary tools to support that proprietary syntax... Without XML there would be no Web 2.0; without GML there would be no geospatial web services Ironically, it’s still text data – but structured and semantic September-19-18

GML | technology Schema framework Instances can be a file, parts of a file or message, database object, etc. September-19-18

Universal geospatial data transport GML | benefits Universal geospatial data transport GML GML GML WFS (ESRI) WFS (Oracle) WFS (PostGIS) September-19-18

Information communities GML | benefits Information communities Road network Environment Emergency Response Interoperability GMLJP2 September-19-18

Expressive and explicit GML | benefits Expressive and explicit September-19-18

Feature relationships GML | benefits Feature relationships As in the real world, features are objects that can relate to other objects Properties are used to explicitly model the relationship semantics Properties can be included within a data message, or reference the target only September-19-18

Real-time data integration GML | benefits Real-time data integration Shared GML vocabularies increases probability of both formalized and ad hoc data integration Data from different GML vocabularies can still be integrated through XSLT transformation and/or geospatial web services Data is locally maintained, for specific business uses, yet can be shared and used by additional users for different purposes AIXM DAFIF September-19-18

Enables geospatial web services GML | benefits Enables geospatial web services A web service is a software interface that describes a collection of operations that can be accessed over the network through standardized XML messaging. OGC services include Web Map Server (WMS), Web Feature Server, and Web Registry Server (WRS) Of course, as GML is XML, it can be used interchangeably. Communication between software applications! September-19-18

Mission: timely, consistent, high quality aeronautical information AIXM | GML Mission: timely, consistent, high quality aeronautical information Objectives: A common language for expressing aeronautical information for human and computer interpretation; Cost savings through software reuse and data model reuse; Increased safety through improved data integrity and timeliness; Cost reduction through improvements in data quality checking and integration. September-19-18

AIXM-GML | schema framework September-19-18

AIXM-GML | AIXM Profile <AIXM-GML Profile/> Profile includes: Only those GML components required for AIXM and its extensions Strict subset of GML Unused optional properties removed; can also be made mandatory only NO AIXM additions – illegal Reduces schema size and complexity Reduces handling and/or processing requirements for AIXM tools A profile of GML is a logical restriction of a subset of GML. A profile shall not change the name, definition, or data type of mandatory GML elements or attributes. The relevant schema or schemas that define a profile shall use in the core ‘gml’ namespace http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2. An application schema may extend and use types from the profile, but shall do so in its own namespace, and not use http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2. The functional test of these rules is: Any instance document for an application schema using a GML profile will be valid against the same application schema if the GML profile is replaced by the complete GML schema. Further, the interpretation of that document would be the same regardless of which of the two schemas were used. Introduction | Business | Technology | Interactions | Future September-19-18

AIXM-GML | feature identification Implicit and explicit Natural key: identification by property state Explicit identifiers <Runway gml:id="local-ID"> <gml:identifier>global-ID</gml:identifier> ... </Runway> September-19-18

Normative implicit definition Informative explicit encoding AIXM-GML | geometry Normative implicit definition Informative explicit encoding September-19-18

Standard geometry encoding AIXM-GML | geometry Standard geometry encoding <aixm:extent> <gml:Polygon srsName="EPSG:4326"> <gml:exterior> <gml:LinearRing> <gml:coordinates>...</gml:coordinates> </gml:LinearRing> </gml:exterior> </gml:Polygon> </aixm:extent> September-19-18

AIXM-GML | feature lifetime Event-driven model: feature history State @ certain time: version September-19-18

AIXM-GML | feature lifetime September-19-18

AIXM-GML | extensibility Framework for local extensions September-19-18

Work with AIXM design team to resolve any non-compliance issues AIXM-GML | future work Audit draft AIXM GML schemas for compliance with GML v3.1.1 specification Work with AIXM design team to resolve any non-compliance issues Migrate AIXM schemas to GML v3.2 Refine AIXM GML Profile Work with AIXM design team to develop GML change proposals CRs include: Geodetic coordinates (CRS?) Topology for Airspace containing geographical borders 2.5 D geometry Arrays of referenced features Here to: Meet user community Better understand AIXM requirements Participate in design discussions September-19-18

AIXM-GML | future work GML v3.2 Changes from v3.1.1 Official ISO standard Improve consistency and usability UML to/from GML rules according to ISO 19109 Changes from v3.1.1 New version-qualified namespace: http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2 Even more explicit encoding Increased emphasis on profiles September-19-18

AIXM-GML | knowledge and tools 2007: From Mashups to Infrastructure Bringing together of geospatial customers, managers, and developers Vancouver July 07 . Sponsors: Google, ESRI, Lizardtech, CGDI . Participants: Google, MS, ESRI, Government civilian and military agencies . Workshops, Demos, Presentations September-19-18