Fighting WWI – Treaty of Versailles Enduring Understandings 1. Nationalism, imperialism, militarism, and alliances propelled the industrialized nations into a devastating world war. 2. Advancement of technology changed the nature of global conflict and cooperation. 3. Cooperation among nations may not necessarily be fair for all parties. Finish page 14 War Affects the World Intro to how WWI ended Complete page 15 – graphically organize understanding of how the war ended with the Treaty of Versailles. Compare how the Treaty of Versailles compared with the Congress of Vienna and the lessons to be learned from the differences by completing page 16. Work with groups on storybook

Gallipoli Campaign Allied expansion, war moves beyond Europe Purpose of campaign was numerous… Secure the Dardanelles Strait Capture Constantinople Defeat Turks Establish supply line to Russia Effort fails, yet another stalemate

United States Enters the War Why? Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare policy – the seas are no longer free Attack on Lusitania (1915) Zimmermann Note – attempt to get Mexico to fight for the Germans Economic/cultural ties with Allies

World War I Propaganda Because World War I spread to several continents, it required the full resources of many governments, thus making it a “total war.” Using this idea of the “total war” concept, governments created propaganda pieces calling on their citizens to join the war effort. The US was the country that produced the most propaganda. Examples of WWI propaganda can be seen on pgs. 360 & 367.

War Affects the Home Front World War I becomes a total war, and governments take control of national economies In the U.S. and Europe, citizens undergo rationing of goods With millions of men at the front, many women go to work in factories and elsewhere

Russia Withdraws from the War By 1917, the Russian government nears collapse as civil unrest and wartime shortages plague the empire Czar Nicholas II abdicates his throne in March 1917 Russia pulls out of the war in early 1918 Lenin seizes power

Russia and Germany sign Brest-Litovsk Treaty War on Eastern Front ends Russia has to give up lands now in: Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Ukraine, Poland and Finland – all given to Germany

The Allies Win the War With Russia’s withdrawal, Germany achieves a victory on the Eastern Front Though Germany’s eastern troops head west, fresh American troops give the Allies an edge to win the second Battle of the Marne German troops are exhausted – Americans are fresh German materials are worn down and supplies, including food was very limited – Americans arrive with new machines and lots of food After the 2nd Battle of the Marne, Germany is forced to retreat German citizens are tired, worn out, and fed up with war

The Allies Win the War Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire surrender Revolution against emperor of Austria-Hungary Mutiny in Germany The Kaiser abdicates, Germany and the Allies sign an armistice, ending the war on November 11th, 1918

Treaty of Versailles Conference to establish terms of peace after WWI Represented by the “Big Four” Woodrow Wilson, president of the United States (14 points proposal) Georges Clemenceau, prime minister of France David Lloyd George, prime minister of Great Britain Vittorio Orlando, prime minister of Italy Not represented—Russia, Germany, German allies Does this seem right?

Wilson’s 14 points – how do each relate to causes or results of WWI? Open covenants of peace openly arrived at Freedom of the seas Freedom from trade barriers Reduction of armaments Impartial adjustment of colonial claims Evacuation of Russian territory and Russian self-determination Evacuation and restoration of Belgium Evacuation of France and restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France Readjustment of Italian frontiers Independent development for the peoples of Austria-Hungary Readjustments in the Balkans Independent development for the non-Turkish nationalities of the Ottoman Empire and the opening of the Dardanelles Restoration of an independent Poland with access to the sea and Establishment of a general association of nations.

Treaty of Versailles Treaty punishes Germany Excludes Germany from League of Nations Seizes all colonial possessions in Africa and the Pacific Restricted the size and activities of its military Forced to accept full responsibility for the war Required to pay war reparations Creates new nations (see map 1918 Europe—pg. 382 or 857) Establishes a League of Nations, an international organization whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

The Legacy of the War The war leaves 8.5 million soldiers dead and 21 million wounded, as well as millions of civilians dead and wounded The war costs $338 billion, destroys land and towns in Europe and Russia, and causes disillusionment in society, as an entire generation of Europeans is lost Treaty of Versailles would not lead to a lasting peace, but instead serve as a cause of WWII