Bell Ringer Write the electron configuration of the Oxygen anion Write a set of quantum numbers for Chromium.

Week in Chemistry Day Topic Monday Periodic Trends Tuesday Go over lab notebooks, Periodic Trends Wednesday Comprehensive quiz Unit 3 Thursday Test Review Friday Unit 3 Test

Lab Notebooks

Coulomb’s Law

4 factors that cause the trends 1. Nuclear Pull (Z) – the number of protons Positive protons pull negative electrons The protons pull on the outer electrons. The more protons, the more pull exerted by the nucleus on the outer electrons.

4 factors that cause the trends Electron repulsion – size of e- cloud Electrons are negative and push away from each other The more electrons in an atom’s electron cloud, the more they are pushed away from each other (due to having the same charge), making a bigger cloud.

4 factors that cause the trends 3. Shielding electrons – all inner e- shield the valence electrons from nuclear pull Number of energy levels

4 factors that cause the trends 4. Zeff – the “effective” nuclear pull on outer electrons. The nuclear pull taking into account the shielding electrons which are taking most of the force. Zeff= # protons - # non-valence electrons Which element has more effective nuclear pull? Fluorine Magnesium OR

Atomic Radius Trend Draw it! Increases down a column because the valence electrons are in a farther energy level (higher energy) Decreases across a period because the nuclear pull is increasing and pulling the energy levels in. Atomic Size DECREASES Draw it! Atomic Size INCREAES

Ionization Energy The energy needed to pull an electron from an atom. The greater the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to remove an electron.

Ionization Energy DECREASES Decreases down a group because there are more shielding electrons, so it takes LESS ENERGY to “steal” an electron. Increases across a period because the nuclear pull on those electrons is increased with no extra shielding, so it takes MORE ENERGY to get the electrons away. Ionization Energy INCREASES Draw it! Ionization Energy DECREASES

Electronegativity DECREASES The ability of an atom to take an electron from another atom (wanting to gain an electron) Decreases down a group because there are more electrons to shield the nucleus (which does the pulling) Increases across a period because of increased Z (nuclear pull) Electronegativity INCREASES Draw it! Electronegativity DECREASES

Trend What is it? Trend across a period Trend down a group What causes trend? Atomic Radius Size of atom Decrease Increase nuclear pull increased More energy levels Ionization Energy Energy to remove electron Nuclear pull increased Less pull more shielding (bigger) Electronegativity Wanting to gain an electron Closer to full outer ring/ nuclear pull

Ionic Size Metals lose electrons (form cations) less e- repulsion, smaller e- cloud, smaller size Nonmetals gain electrons (form anions) more e- repulsion, larger e- cloud, larger size

Practice 1) Which is the smallest ion? Explain Na+ Cl- P3- 2) Which has the highest electronegativity? Explain. As Sn S 3) In the following pairs, which has the larger atomic radius? Explain. Mg or Ba Cu or Cu2+ S or S2- 4) In the following pairs, which has the higher ionization energy? Explain. Li or Cs Ca or Br

Periodic Trends Packet Practice

Exit Ticket Which element has a smallest ionic radius? Which element has a largest ionic radius? Which element requires the least amount of energy to remove a valence electron?