Form and Function of Vertebrates To insert your company logo on this slide From the Insert Menu Select “Picture” Locate your logo file Click OK To resize the logo Click anywhere inside the logo. The boxes that appear outside the logo are known as “resize handles.” Use these to resize the object. If you hold down the shift key before using the resize handles, you will maintain the proportions of the object you wish to resize. Form and Function of Vertebrates Section 20-3 Rm 111 @ THS

Alveoli

Objectives Describe a single-loop circulatory system Describe a Double-loop circulatory system Compare two techniques of body temperature control in vertebrates

Support and Movement Reptiles: horizontal limbs Mammals: vertical limbs

Feeding and Digestion Carnivores: shorter digestive tract Herbivores: longer digestive tract Why? Plant material takes longer to digest!

* 07/16/96 Respiration What are some structures used for respiration in vertebrates? Gills: fish, larval amphibian Lungs: adult amphibian Air sacs: birds Lung: mammals Bronchi Alveoli Gulping Air in a Frog is positive breathing The pre show technique at Disney world is similar to air sacs in birds. *

Most efficient in Birds

People at Disneyland

birds - air sacs

Air Sac

frog gulping air?

Internal Transport: Single-loop Fish two sets of capillaries pressure loss after gills two-chambered heart atrium ventricle less efficient

Internal Transport: Double-loop amphibians: three-chambered heart mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mammals: four-chambered heart two atria, two ventricles no mixing blood to lungs: pulmonary circulation blood to body: systemic circulation

Temperature Control Fishes, amphibians, reptiles Environment used to control temperature Ectotherms Water: a constant temperature environment

fish in water

reptile sunning

Temperature Control Mammals Generate body heat through chemical reactions in body tissues Endotherms

Excretion Diffusion of ammonia Kidney Through gills: fish Through skin: amphibians Kidney Urea: mammals less toxic Uric Acid: birds, reptiles less soluble

Response Cephalization Cerebrum Brain Spinal cord protected: vertebrae Cerebrum an increased size from fish to amphibians to mammals

Reproduction Almost always sexual External fertilization in some, e.g * 07/16/96 Reproduction Almost always sexual External fertilization in some, e.g Codfish,frogs Internal fertilization in Mammals, birds, reptiles, certain amphibians Trend toward internal fertilization A few species of lizards, fishes, amphibians develop from unfertilized eggs. *

Reproduction Three Strategies * 07/16/96 Reproduction Three Strategies Oviparous: (Fish) Eggs laid outside and fertilized – lots of eggs/offspring needed Viviparous: (Mammal) – Few eggs Internal fertilization in Ovoviviparous: (Shark) Trend toward internal fertilization A few species of lizards, fishes, amphibians develop from unfertilized eggs. *

14 REPTILE 15 VERTICAL 16 SHORTER, LONGER Xerox 20-3 1 D 2 H 3 F 4 E 5 B 6 C 7 I 8 C 9 D 10 E 11 G 12 A 13 F 14 REPTILE 15 VERTICAL 16 SHORTER, LONGER

17 ventricle 18 atria ventricals 19 endothremic 20 b e f 21 urea 22 mammals, birds 23 sexually 24 4,1,2,3 mamal, fish, reptile, bird 25 Water does not vary greatly in its temperature.

frog gulping air? http://www.folkways.si.edu/images/frog-18.jpg birds air sacs motion http://www.csuchico.edu/~pmaslin/fbiol/pics/BrdBrth.GIF People at disney land http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=students.washington.edu/pphan001/travel/disney/waiting.jpg&imgrefurl=http://students.washington.edu/pphan001/travel/disney/&h=373&w=546&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddisney%2Bland%2Blines%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8 Alveoli http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=info.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardio/imaging/anatomy/bronchioles/graphics/bronchiole_diagram.gif&imgrefurl=http://info.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardAlveoli http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=info.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardio/imaging/anatomy/bronchioles/graphics/bronchiole_diagram.gif&imgrefurl=http://info.med.yale.edu/intmed/cardio/imaging/anatomy/bronchioles/&h=400&w=760&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dalveoli%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8 reptile sunning http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.artofwildlife.com/nilesunsoaker.JPG&imgrefurl=http://www.artofwildlife.com/reptiles.html&h=141&w=200&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dreptiles%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsun%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8 io/imaging/anatomy/bronchioles/&h=400&w=760&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dalveoli%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8 fish in water http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=www.solcomhouse.com/Antarc8.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.solcomhouse.com/Antarctica.htm&h=150&w=226&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dfish%2Bin%2Bice%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8 References - Credits