Math in History

Civil Rights Brands Labor Inventions Elections $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500

Civil Rights Brands Labor Inventions Elections $100 $100 $100 $100 $100 $200 $200 $200 $200 $200 $300 $300 $300 $300 $300 $400 $400 $400 $400 $400 $500 $500 $500 $500 $500

Civil Rights $100 On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court issued a decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, declaring that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." How many years have passed since the Supreme Court made this ruling? O'Halloran, T.J. (1955). School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, "With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty

Civil Rights $100 Did You Know? The 1954 decision was the first major piece of Civil Rights legislation since the 1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson Case, which Brown overruled. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/brown/brown-segregation.html Answer: 52 years O'Halloran, T.J. (1955). School integration, Barnard School, Washington, D.C.. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, "With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty

Civil Rights $200 This picture shows a line of people wanting to get a seat in the Supreme court for Brown vs. Board of Education. If there are only 50 seats available, and only one thirteenth of the people were able to get a seat, how many people were waiting in line? Unknown. (1953). Waiting for courtroom seats, 1953. . Library of Congress: Exhibitions, "With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty

Civil Rights $200 While Brown called for school desegregation, integration of public places was not legally supported until the Civil Rights Acts ten years later, in 1964 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart9b.html Answer: 650 People Unknown. (1953). Waiting for courtroom seats, 1953. . Library of Congress: Exhibitions, "With an Even Hand": Brown v. Board at Fifty

Civil Rights $300 From the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous "I Have A Dream" speech to a crowd of 250,000. If there was a 4:1 ratio of African American viewers to White viewers, how many African Americans watched the speech? Unknown. (1963). March on Washington, August 28, 1963.. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Civil Rights $300 March organizers A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin had planned a similar march 22 years earlier to protest segregation in the armed forces, but the event was cancelled after the passage of the Fair Employment Act in 1941. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/service/mss/eadxmlmss/eadpdfmss/2005/ms005004.pdf Answer: 200,000 Unknown. (1963). March on Washington, August 28, 1963.. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Civil Rights $400 Martin Luther King made his famous speech in 1963. How many years have passed since this speech? Unknown. (1967). [Martin Luther King Jr., three head-and-shoulders portraits, facing left]. Library of Congress: Prints & Photographs Walcott, M.P. (1939). Domestic servants waiting for the streetcar on their way to work early in the morning in Atlanta, Georgia, 1939.. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Civil Rights $400 Martin Luther King became the youngest person ever to win the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. http://www.loc.gov/shop/index.php?action=cCatalog.showItem&cid=14&scid=185&iid=3151 Answer: 44 years Unknown. (1967). [Martin Luther King Jr., three head-and-shoulders portraits, facing left]. Library of Congress: Prints & Photographs Walcott, M.P. (1939). Domestic servants waiting for the streetcar on their way to work early in the morning in Atlanta, Georgia, 1939.. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Civil Rights $500 Rosa Parks was 42 years old when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery, Alabama. Eight years later, in 1963, Martin Luther King gave his famous speech. Use the dates listed to find the year Rosa Parks was born. United Press Association. (1956). [Rosa Parks, three-quarter length portrait, seated toward front of bus, facing right, Montgomery, Alabama]. Library of Congress: Prints & Photographs

Civil Rights $500 The Montgomery Bus Boycott, which followed Parks’ incident, lasted over a year until the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Boycotters in November 1956 http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/aa/activists/king/bus_3 Answer: 1913 United Press Association. (1956). [Rosa Parks, three-quarter length portrait, seated toward front of bus, facing right, Montgomery, Alabama]. Library of Congress: Prints & Photographs

Brands $100 Idaho's first potatoes were planted in 1837 by Presbyterian minister Henry Spalding. He developed a 15-acre potato plot and produced successful harvests. Give a dimension (length and width) of a potato plot that would give an area of 15 square acres? http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/branding/index.php

Brands $100 The Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s cut Ireland’s population in half from widespread starvation and migration. Answer example: 3 acres x 5 acres http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/branding/index.php

Brands $200 In 1870, Luther and Eliza Tibbets planted three “navel” orange trees. Today, more than 6,000 citrus growers make up the Sunkist Cooperative. If two thirds of the growers grow oranges, and half of the oranges grown are navels, how many citrus growers have navel oranges? California Fruit Growers Exchange. (ca.1910s). Recipes for Dainty Dishes: Culinary, Toilet, and Medicinal Hints. Library of Congress: American Memory, Emergence of Advertising in America, 1850-1920: Selections from the Collections of Duke University

Brands $200 By 1910, the Tibbets’ trees had turned into a very profitable business: at least 100,000 acres of orange groves existed in the state with profits reaching over $200 million. http://www.eee.org/bus/nos/history.htm Answer: 2,000 navels California Fruit Growers Exchange. (ca.1910s). Recipes for Dainty Dishes: Culinary, Toilet, and Medicinal Hints. Library of Congress: American Memory, Emergence of Advertising in America, 1850-1920: Selections from the Collections of Duke University

Brands $300 Milton Hershey was born in 1857. His interest in coating caramels with chocolate resulted in the birth of the Hershey Chocolate Co. in 1894. Today, Hershey's produces more than 1 billion pounds of chocolate products each year. If the Hershey company must spend $24,000 on milk, $6,000 on sugar, and $20,000 on cocoa to make 1 billion pounds of chocolate, how much did they have to spend per pound for ingredients? Hershey's Milk Chocolate. (n.d.). Hershey's Sweet Milk Chocolate. Library of Congress: American Memory, Emergence of Advertising in America, 1850-1920: Selections from the Collections of Duke University

Brands $300 Milton Hershey apprenticed for a printer before eventually working at a candy shop. He opened his own candy store in 1876. (http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/branding/popup.php?state=pa2) Answer: 0.00005 cents Hershey's Milk Chocolate. (n.d.). Hershey's Sweet Milk Chocolate. Library of Congress: American Memory, Emergence of Advertising in America, 1850-1920: Selections from the Collections of Duke University

Brands $400 In 1886, Atlanta physician and chemist Dr. John Stith Pemberton developed a nerve tonic called "Pemberton's French Wine Cola”, which was the start of Coca-Cola. In 1886, about nine drinks were sold each day. Today's daily sales number 450 million. How many Coca-Cola drinks are sold in one year today? Gottscho-Schleisner, Inc. (1953). Steiner Plastics, Oyster Bay. Coca Cola sign.. Library of Congress: American Memory, Architecture and Interior Design for 20th Century America: Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William Schleisner, 1935-1955

The First Newspaper advertisements for Coca-Cola appeared in 1906. Brands $400 The First Newspaper advertisements for Coca-Cola appeared in 1906. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ccmphtml/colahist.html Answer: 164,250,000,000 Gottscho-Schleisner, Inc. (1953). Steiner Plastics, Oyster Bay. Coca Cola sign.. Library of Congress: American Memory, Architecture and Interior Design for 20th Century America: Photographs by Samuel Gottscho and William Schleisner, 1935-1955

Brands $500 In the early 1900s, Edwin Perkins enjoyed studying chemistry and inventions. He experimented with methods to remove the liquid from a concentrated drink mix called Fruit Smack. The resulting powder was repackaged under the name "Kool-Ade," and later changed to "Kool-Aid.” More than 563 million gallons are consumed in a year. How many gallons are consumed in a day? Jones, S. (1978). Meal, Ninety-Six Ranch [35mm slide]. Library of Congress: American Memory, Buckaroos in Paradise: Ranching Culture in Northern Nevada, 1945-1982

Kool-Aid got its start in Hastings, Nebraska. Brands $500 Kool-Aid got its start in Hastings, Nebraska. http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/branding/index.php Answer: 1542465.75 Jones, S. (1978). Meal, Ninety-Six Ranch [35mm slide]. Library of Congress: American Memory, Buckaroos in Paradise: Ranching Culture in Northern Nevada, 1945-1982

Labor $100 If a child received a weekly wage of 75 cents, how much money would they receive after 5 weeks? Unknown. (n.d.). Interior of Magnolia (Miss.) Cotton Mills and Spinning Room. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, American Treasures of the Library of Congress

Labor $100 The National Child Labor Committee campaigned for tougher state and federal laws against the abuses of industrial child labor, and Lewis Hine was its greatest publicist during the 1910s. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm032.html Answer: $3.75 Unknown. (n.d.). Interior of Magnolia (Miss.) Cotton Mills and Spinning Room. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, American Treasures of the Library of Congress

Labor $200 This is the seal of the National Women’s Trade Union League of 1903. On the seal are the words “The Eight-Hour Day. A living wage. To guard the home.” On weekdays, a woman might work 8 hours a day in the industry, then 4 hours a day for her family. On weekends she worked 6 hours a day around the house. How many hours a week would she spend working? Wendt, J.B. (1903). National Women's Trade Union Seal.. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, American Treasures of the Library of Congress

Labor $200 The seal was added to the national office's letterhead, became “increasingly popular with all the Local leagues on all their publications,” was fashioned into a pin, and -most satisfying of all - was reproduced and framed at Samuel Gompers's request to hang in his presidential office at the headquarters of the American Federation of Labor in Washington, D.C. Answer: 232 Wendt, J.B. (1903). National Women's Trade Union Seal.. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, American Treasures of the Library of Congress

Labor $300 Members of minority groups such as this Chinese man were forced to migrate from one temporary, low-paying job to the next. Some workers had to support their families on as little as $1.50 a week. Today’s minimum wage in Virginia is $5.15 an hour. If this man were to work 40 hours a week, what is the minimum that his employer should pay him? Rothstein, A. (1936). Chinese laborer in potato field. Walla Walla, Washington. Library of Congress: American Memory, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945

Some states enacted laws “to protect…from conditions detrimental to their health and morals, resulting from wages which are inadequate to maintain decent standards of living”. Most laws targeted women, children and later immigrants. In 1937 the U.S. Supreme Court decided that minimum wage laws were constitutional in WEST COAST HOTEL CO. V. PARRISH , 300 U.S. 379. Answer: $206 Labor $300 http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awlaw3/protective.html Rothstein, A. (1936). Chinese laborer in potato field. Walla Walla, Washington. Library of Congress: American Memory, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA and OWI, ca. 1935-1945

Labor $400 On May 10 1894, 2500 out of 3100 of the railroad workmen went on strike. What percent of 3100 workmen went on strike? Library of Congress. (n.d.). "California as I Saw It": First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900 . Library of Congress: American Memory, "California as I Saw It": First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900

Labor $400 The Strike of 1894 lasted for over two months, as it was not fully resolved until August. http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/riseind/railroad/strike.html Answer: 81 percent Library of Congress. (n.d.). "California as I Saw It": First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900 . Library of Congress: American Memory, "California as I Saw It": First-Person Narratives of California's Early Years, 1849-1900

Labor $500 The period from 1894 to 1915 was a period of change, unrest, and economic uncertainty in the United States. If a man made $1.00 a week during this period, how much would he make from the beginning of 1894 till the end of 1915? Library of Congress. (n.d.). America at Work. Library of Congress: American Memory, America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894-1915

Labor $500 While many cities experienced labor strikes during this period, Chicago in particular was a center of labor activity with the Chicago City Railway strike of 1903, the Stockyard strike of 1904, the Garment Workers strike of 1915, and the Bloomington and Normal Electric Power and Railway strike of 1917, all involving confrontations with police. http://memory.loc.gov/learn/collections/chicago/history.html Answer: $1092 Library of Congress. (n.d.). America at Work. Library of Congress: American Memory, America at Work, America at Leisure: Motion Pictures from 1894-1915

Inventions $100 Orville and Wilbur Wright had the first successful flight in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1901, with a glider that covered a distance of 389 feet. If there are three feet in a yard, how many yards did they fly? Daniels, J. T. (1903). First flight, 120 feet in 12 seconds, 10:35 a.m., Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 17, 1903. . Library of Congress: Exhibitions, The Dream of Flight

Inventions $100 The Wrights only used three materials, wood, cloth, and steel, to make their airplane. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/wb-achieve.html Answer: 129.67 yards. Daniels, J. T. (1903). First flight, 120 feet in 12 seconds, 10:35 a.m., Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 17, 1903. . Library of Congress: Exhibitions, The Dream of Flight

Inventions $200 Orville piloted the first flight, which lasted just 12 seconds. On the fourth and final flight of the day, Wilbur flew for 57 seconds. How many more seconds did they fly the fourth day? Unknown. (1909). Wilbur and Orville on porch in Dayton, 1909. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, American Treasures of the Library of Congress

Inventions $200 The 1903 machine contained not only a 200-pound aluminum, 4-cylinder, water-cooled gasoline engine that the Wrights had designed and built, but also two propellers, all mounted on a controllable airframe. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/wb-achieve.html Answer: 45 seconds Unknown. (1909). Wilbur and Orville on porch in Dayton, 1909. Library of Congress: Exhibitions, American Treasures of the Library of Congress

Inventions $300 It took Thomas Edison over 2,000 tries to invent the light bulb. Afterwards he claimed that he did not fail 2,000 times, but that he knew 2,000 ways NOT to make a light bulb. What percent is 1 of 2,000? Unknown. (1895). Edison Sitting on the grounds of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating Works; Ogden, NJ; 1895.. Library of Congress: America's Library, Meet Amazing Americans

Thomas Edison acquired a total of 1,093 patents during his life. Inventions $300 Thomas Edison acquired a total of 1,093 patents during his life. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edbio.html Answer: 0.05 % Unknown. (1895). Edison Sitting on the grounds of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania Concentrating Works; Ogden, NJ; 1895.. Library of Congress: America's Library, Meet Amazing Americans

Inventions $400 Ice cream cones were invented and sold for the first time at a fair. If you have $3.50, and ice cream cones are 30 cents, how many can you buy? Vachon, J. (1941). I love my ice cream cone!. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Inventions. $400 http://www. americaslibrary Answer: 11 cones Thomas Jefferson once offered a recipe for his take on vanilla ice cream. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/tri034.html Vachon, J. (1941). I love my ice cream cone!. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Inventions $500 The Model T Ford can go 45 miles per hour. How many hours will it take to get to a destination 320 miles away?

Answer: 7 hours and 7 minutes Inventions $500 When the model T was first sold in 1908, it cost $950. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/jul30.html Answer: 7 hours and 7 minutes

Elections $100 Once three-fourths of the states had ratified the 19th Amendment, women were granted the right to vote in 1920. In the city of Springfield, 44 women voted. Orange county had 5 more than double the female votes that Springfield had. How many women voted in Orange County? http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/jazz/19tham_3

Elections $100 Between 1880 and 1910, the number of women employed in the United States increased from 2.6 million to 7.8 million. http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/progress/suffrage/suffrage.html Answer: 93 votes http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/jazz/19tham_3

Elections $200 Electors are people who represent their state and vote for a president. Depending on the size of its population states may have more electoral votes. California has 54 electoral votes while New Mexico has only five. If a state had three times as many people as New Mexico, how many electoral votes would they receive? Unknown. (1945). Voters at the voting booths in 1945. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Answer: 15 votes Elections $200 In the early 1800's, the term "electoral college" came into general usage as the unofficial designation for the group of citizens selected to cast votes for President and Vice President. It was first written into Federal law in 1845, and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. section 4, in the section heading and in the text as "college of electors." http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/faq.html#history Answer: 15 votes Unknown. (1945). Voters at the voting booths in 1945. Library of Congress: America's Library, Jump Back in Time

Elections $300 By 1920, World War I was over, and America was ready for a presidential election. If elections happen every four years, when did the next election take place? Library of Congress. (n.d.). American Leaders Speak Recordings From World War I And The 1920 Election. Library of Congress: American Memory, American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election

Elections $300 President Harding won the 1920 election but died in office in 1923 before the next election. V.P. Calvin Coolidge assumed the office and won the 1924 election to remain in office until 1928. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/coolhtml/ccpres02.html Answer: 1924 Library of Congress. (n.d.). American Leaders Speak Recordings From World War I And The 1920 Election. Library of Congress: American Memory, American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election

Elections $400 If 12 women voted for every 116 men, write the ratio of women to men in simplest form. Underwood & Underwood. (1921). Famous G.O.P women arrive.. Library of Congress: American Memory, American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election

Elections $400 Answer: 3 to 29 By 1896, women had gained the right to vote in four states (Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah). http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/timeline/progress/suffrage/suffrage.html Underwood & Underwood. (1921). Famous G.O.P women arrive.. Library of Congress: American Memory, American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election

Elections $500 In 1909, James Cox represented Ohio in the house of representatives. He was the governor of Ohio when he was nominated as a candidate for the presidency by the democratic party in 1918. How many years passed between when he represented Ohio until he was a candidate for the presidency? Weeks, L.A. (1920). [James Cox, Governor of Ohio, half-length portrait, facing left, seated at desk, reading].. Library of Congress: American Memory, American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election

Elections $500 Franklin Roosevelt was selected as Cox’s running mate for the 1920 election. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/nfexpe.html Answer: 9 years Weeks, L.A. (1920). [James Cox, Governor of Ohio, half-length portrait, facing left, seated at desk, reading].. Library of Congress: American Memory, American Leaders Speak: Recordings from World War I and the 1920 Election