Human reproduction answers 19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

Genetics

Chromosome

Mendel

Nucleus

Testicle

Homologous

Dominant

Recessive

Allele

Fertilisation

Cell Division

Objectives I should be able to… 3.13  understand that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are located 3.14  understand that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA and that a gene codes for a specific protein 3.15  describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) 3.16  understand that genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics

Homework SEE WEEBLY for link Watch the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d7ET4bbkTm0 Once you have watched the video, write a short story charting how we discovered the structure of DNA 19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

Put these terms in size order & give an example!!! Smallest Chromosome Gene Allele Organism Nucleus Protein Cell Nucleotide Genome Biggest

Put these terms in size order & give an example!!! Biggest Organism - Human Cell - Red blood cell (RBC) Nucleus - Control centre Genome - Human genome Chromosome - Sex ones Protein - Collagen Gene - Collagen gene Allele - Blue eye Nucleotide – G-A-T-C Smallest

What makes you YOU? 19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-19463057

DNA Fingerprints DNA can be analysed to make a unique pattern This pattern is unique and can be used to identify you

How can you tell who’s saliva sample this is?

Looking at DNA: Fruit DNA Extraction DNA: A double-helix found in the nucleus of every cell of your body Lets take a closer look!? First image of double-helix… ever!

SpeedTest: http://www.purposegames.com/game/dna-base-structure-quiz DNA from Fruit Steps Place a strawberry in a Ziploc bag and ensure it is sealed. Grind it up with your fingers DONTY SPLIT THE BAG! Add 10ML of extraction buffer and reseal the bag. Knead the strawberry again to mix. Assemble a filter funnel with cheesecloth (as a filter) over a test tube and pour in the mixture Leave to drip through into the test tube Once it has filtered through, pour in the cold ethanol very slowly into the tube and observe (make sure the test tube is left completely still after the ethanol has been poured in. Dip the loop/glass rod into the tube where the athanol comes into contact with the strawberry extract your should be able to remove the DNA The DNA should form a long white strand as you pull it out of the extract. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCu7T_1_WLoOutline SpeedTest: http://www.purposegames.com/game/dna-base-structure-quiz

DNA – true or false?

32 . Deoxyribonucleic acid 6. DNA 0. Inheritance 303.Punnet square 5. Homozygote 73. Genetic disease Periodic Table 22. Chromosome 30. Dominant 7. Recessive 3. Gamete Genome . 101. Phenotype 9. Heterozygote 33. Allele 11. Chromosomes 94. Variation 93. Genes 13. Genotype 1. In which part of the cell is the DNA found? 51. Nucleus 2. You catch this, you inherit it from your parents? 73. Genetic disease 3. You can use these to the genes a child will get from its parents? 303. Punnet square 4. This is the physical appearance of someone – a result of their genotype? 101. Phenotype 5. Your DNA is packaged into these, you have 23 pairs of them. 11. Chromosomes 6. A recessive genetic disease. 22. Cf 6. If both of your genes for a trait are the SAME, we say your…. 5. Homozygote 7. A dominant genetic disease. 23. Huntington’s 8. This is the more powerful gene that can always be seen if it is present. 30. Dominant 9. 10. We are all different…. We call this…. 94. Variation 32 . Deoxyribonucleic acid 6. DNA 0. Inheritance 303.Punnet square 51. Nucleus 23. Huntington’s

19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

Objectives I should be able to… 3.15  describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cytosine (C) with guanine (G) 3.16  understand that genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics

What is DNA made of? 19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is made up of four different bases. A gene is made up of hundreds of these bases. Three bases make one amino acid. Amino acids are bonded together to make proteins Mutations can change the structure of the protein. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/edexcel_pre_2011/genes/dnarev1.shtml

DNA is made of Necleotides Phosphate sugar base Stay the same Changes Contains nitrogen & carbon Pentose sugar (5 Carbon atoms) 3 components: Pentose sugar (ribose in DNA) Phosphoric acid Organic base (always contains nitrogen)

Complementary Base Pairing A joins to T (2 hydrogen bonds) C joins to G (3 hydrogen bonds) 5’ 3 hydrogen bonds 3’ C G 0.34nm Complementary Base Pairing A T 3’ 2 hydrogen bonds 5’ 2nm

The Double Helix http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/dna_double_helix/dnahelix.html http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/

Speed test! http://www.purposegames.com/game/dna-base-structure-quiz

For the DNA strand 5'-TACGATCATAT-3' the correct complementary DNA strand is: B 3'-ATGCTAGTATA-5' C 3'-AUGCUAGUAUA-5' D 3'-GCATATACGCG-5' E 3'-TATACTAGCAT-5'

Did you know, the DNA in each of your cells is 10-15mm long!? Tell me… 4 names of bases in DNA… Words that DNA stands for… 2 sets of bases that bond together… 1 gene codes for one… Did you know, the DNA in each of your cells is 10-15mm long!?

Speed test! SpeedTest: http://www.purposegames.com/game/dna-base-structure-quiz

DO NOT EAT THE SWEETS TILL I SAY SO! Build a DNA molecule TASK Use the sweets to build DNA Things to show: Double helix (coiling ladder) (Grade C) Represent complementary base pairing (Grade B) Sugar and phosphate backbone (A) Without eating the sweets (A*) Mount your DNA on A3 paper and label the parts DO NOT EAT THE SWEETS TILL I SAY SO!

How do they look? 19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

A better one….

19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

Clone a cat http://nature.ca/genome/04/041/0415_e.cfm

Wonderwall or SPLAT

5. Homozygote 73. Genetic disease Periodic Table 22. Cystic fibrosis 30. Dominant 7. Recessive 3. Gamete . 101. Phenotype 9. Heterozygote 33. Allele 11. Chromosomes 94. Variation 93. Genes 13. Genotype 1. In which part of the cell is the DNA found? 51. Nucleus 2. You catch this, you inherit it from your parents? 73. Genetic disease 3. You can use these to the genes a child will get from its parents? 303. Punnet square 4. This is the physical appearance of someone – a result of their genotype? 101. Phenotype 5. Your DNA is packaged into these, you have 23 pairs of them. 11. Chromosomes 6. A recessive genetic disease. 22. Cf 6. If both of your genes for a trait are the SAME, we say your…. 5. Homozygote 7. A dominant genetic disease. 23. Huntington’s 8. This is the more powerful gene that can always be seen if it is present. 30. Dominant 9. 10. We are all different…. We call this…. 94. Variation 6. DNA 0. Inheritance 303.Punnet square 51. Nucleus 23. Huntington’s

Objectives I should be able to… . 3.18 describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram . 3.20 predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses

Genetic jargon revision test What do these genetic terms mean? gene Section of DNA that codes for a particular trait or characteristic. allele A different form of a gene that codes for a different version of a characteristic. genotype A description of the pair of alleles present for a characteristic. phenotype The physical expression of the alleles.

homozygous heterozygous dominant recessive What do these genetic terms mean? homozygous Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic that are the same, e.g. HH. heterozygous Pair of alleles that produce a characteristic that are different, e.g. Hh. dominant An allele that will always be expressed even when there is only one of these alleles present, represented by a capital letter. recessive An allele that will only be expressed when both alleles are of this type, represented by a lower case letter.

Gregor Mendel was born in 1822 in Czechoslovakia.

Mendel came from a very poor family and he decided to become a monk to get the education he desired.

Mendel worked in the monastery gardens and he became fascinated with how peas grew.

Mendel carried out research into how characteristics were passed on in pea plants. He kept detailed records of all his findings.

He came to the conclusion that some characteristics were dominant over others and they were never mixed.

He published a book of his findings in 1866, when he was 44 years old. People did not understand his theories as no one had seen chromosomes. He died 20 years later with no one taking notice of his work.

16 years after his death people could finally see chromosomes through a microscope and he was given the recognition for his findings.

Online Mendel (homework) Task: http://www2.edc.org/weblabs/Mendel/mendel.html Instructions: Lesson 9 - Mendels Experiments Instructions.pdf

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=NWqgZUnJdAY

Wordwall inheritance key words 19/09/2018 Mr A Lovat

Genotype Recessive Chromosome Allele Phenotype Gametes Gene Homozygous Heterozygous DNA

Genotype Recessive Chromosome Allele Phenotype Gametes Gene Homozygous Alternative forms of a gene Recessive Genetic make up of an individual Chromosome Sex Cell – egg (Ovum) or Sperm Allele The two alleles present are different Phenotype Strands of DNA Gametes The two alleles present are the same Gene Physical appearance of a gene Homozygous DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Heterozygous Sections of DNA (chromosome) that determine inherited characteristics DNA The characteristics of this allele will only be seen if there is no dominant gene present

Objectives I should be able to… . 3.18 describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram . 3.20 predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses

Phenotype ; Dominant ;Genotype ; Recessive ; Allele Task 1: Use the table below to match each of the keywords in the word bank to its definition (grade D/C) Task 2: Read the information about John and Carl then answer the questions below: Describe Carl’s phenotype (grade C) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ What is Carl’s genotype (grade B)? ______________________________________________ What could John’s genotype be (grade B)? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Why can we not be sure exactly what Carls genotype is? (Grade B/A) ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Word bank: Phenotype ; Dominant ;Genotype ; Recessive ; Allele Keyword Definition Different versions of the same gene. Your physical appearance. The combination of alleles you have for a gene. An allele that is always expressed even if you only have one copy of it. An allele that is only expressed if you have two copies of it. John Carl Students to complete questions. Like all human beings, John and Carl each have two copies of the gene that controls whether or not they have dimples. The version of the gene (allele) that causes dimples is dominant. It has the letter “D”. The allele that causes you to not have dimples is recessive. It has the letter “d”.

Monster design: Characteristic Possible Alleles Your monsters Genotype (its combination of alleles) Your monsters Phenotype (what the monster looks like) Skin colour Red- Dominant (R) Blue -Recessive (r) Spikes Yes- Dominant (S) No -Recessive (s) Tail Short- Dominant (T) Long -Recessive (t) Fire breathing Yes- Dominant (F) No -Recessive (f) Monster design: What characteristic will my monster pass on? Parents Genotypes: Students to use the table at the top of the page to determine the genotype of an imaginary animal. For each characteristic they flick a coin; heads their monster has a dominant allele, tails a recessive. They need to flip the coin twice for each characteristic i.e. For skin colour Head + Tails = genotype Rr. Students complete the table then using the phenotype information draw a sketch of their monster in the box on the bottom left. Then students work with a partner to breed their monsters together. They select one characteristic and use the genetic cross diagram (bottom right) to work out the genotypes of potential offspring. This could lead into a discussion on creating new variations....... Alleles in sex cells: Possible genotypes of offspring:

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7569064.stm

Harry Potter Genetics

Revision of key words 1 Different forms of the same gene are called alleles Different forms of the same gene are called alleles Different forms of the same gene are called alleles Each gene controls a different feature (e.g. eye colour) Each gene controls a different feature (e.g. eye colour) Each gene controls a different feature (e.g. eye colour) We have 23 pairs (or 46 single) chromosomes. We have 23 pairs (or 46 single) chromosomes. We have 23 pairs (or 46 single) chromosomes. A gene is a short section of the chromosome A gene is a short section of the chromosome A gene is a short section of the chromosome Chromosomes are found in the nucleus Chromosomes are found in the nucleus Chromosomes are found in the nucleus …except for the sex cells (egg and sperm) …except for the sex cells (egg and sperm) …except for the sex cells (egg and sperm) Chromosomes are found in pairs in most cells Chromosomes are found in pairs in most cells… Chromosomes are found in pairs in most cells…

Revision of key words 2 For each characteristic, a child inherits one allele from the mother and one allele from the father. This means that we have two alleles for every characteristic (e.g. eye colour). The alleles in a pair can be the same as each other or different. Alleles can be dominant or recessive.

Revision of key words 3 2 dominant alleles BB 2 recessive alleles bb B = brown eye allele b = blue eye allele There are only dominant brown eye alleles so the child will have brown eyes. There are only dominant brown eye alleles so the child will have brown eyes. There are only dominant brown eye alleles so the child will have brown eyes. 2 dominant alleles BB 2 recessive alleles bb 1 dominant and 1 recessive allele Bb There are only recessive blue eye alleles so the child will have blue eyes. There are only recessive blue eye alleles so the child will have blue eyes. There are only recessive blue eye alleles so the child will have blue eyes. The dominant brown eye allele ‘wins’ so the child will have brown eyes. The dominant brown eye allele ‘wins’ so the child will have brown eyes. The dominant brown eye allele ‘wins’ so the child will have brown eyes.

Is the ‘magical allele’ dominant or recessive? Discussion Task: Is the ‘magical allele’ dominant or recessive? Discuss the following information with your partner and use it to decide whether the ‘magical allele’ is dominant or recessive. Harry’s parents were both wizards. Ron’s parents are both magical – and all of his brothers and sisters are witches and wizards too. Both of Hermione’s parents are Muggles but she has still inherited magical abilities.

So, what was the % chance of Harry’s mum being magic? Harry’s mum’s family Remember: The ‘magical’ (m) allele is RECESSIVE The ‘muggle’ (M) allele is DOMINANT Your task: Mm Mm Harry’s grandparents M m M m MM Mm mM Harry’s mum mm Aunt Petunia Muggle Muggle Muggle MAGIC So, what was the % chance of Harry’s mum being magic?

So, what was the % chance of Dudley being magic? The Dursley family Remember: The ‘magic’ (m) allele is RECESSIVE The ‘muggle’ (M) allele is DOMINANT Your task: Aunt Petunia Uncle Vernon Mm MM M m M M Cousin Dudley MM MM mM mM Muggle Muggle Muggle Muggle So, what was the % chance of Dudley being magic?

The Weasley family mm mm m m m m mm mm mm mm Your task: Mr Weasley Mrs Weasley mm mm m m m m Bill Weasley Charlie Weasley Percy Weasley Fred and George Weasley Ron Weasley Ginny Weasley mm mm mm mm MAGIC MAGIC MAGIC MAGIC What was the % chance of the Weasley children being magic?

Muggle-born witches and wizards Hermione’s mum and dad are both Muggles… (Some people question how Muggles are able to produce magical children. It is likely that they would have a magical ancestor, possibly several generations ago.) …but Hermione is a witch. What combination of alleles must Mr and Mrs Granger have?

Is it possible for a child with one magical parent and one Muggle parent to be born with magical abilities? (Voldemort (Tom Riddle) was a half-blood as his father, another Tom Riddle (snr) was a Muggle and his mother was pure-blood.)

(It is often considered embarrassing to have a Squib in the family.) Squibs A Squib is a child born to magical parents but who has no magical ability. (It is often considered embarrassing to have a Squib in the family.) So how come Argus Filch is a Squib even though both of his parents are magic?

Your task: Choose 2 examples of Harry Potter genetics. One way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squ... Choose 2 examples of Harry Potter genetics. Draw a genetic cross diagram for each one. Next to each diagram, give the % chance of a child being a witch or wizard in that family. 1. Mm and Mm (The Grangers or Harry’s mum’s family) 2. mm and mm (The Weasleys) 3. MM and Mm (The Dursleys) 4. MM and mm 5. Mm and mm (Voldemort’s family) Slide 5 Slide 7 Slide 6

Extension task: Your task: Write a paragraph to explain how witches and wizards can be born of Muggle parents. Add another paragraph to explain why it is very rare for Squibs to be born into wizarding families. Mr and Mrs Weasley have had 6 boys and 1 girl. If they had another child, what would be the % chance of it being a girl? Draw a genetic cross diagram to help you explain. (Girl = XX. Boy = XY)

One way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Your task: Mother’s alleles Father’s alleles Mm Mm M m M m MM Mm mM mm

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares Mother’s alleles →

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares Mother’s alleles → Father’s alleles ↓

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares MM Mm mM mm Mother’s alleles → Father’s alleles ↓

Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares Your task: Another way of drawing genetic cross diagrams… Punnet squares M m MM Mm mM mm Mother’s alleles → Father’s alleles ↓

Objectives 3.21 understand that the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a male 3.22 describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram

Numbers 1 - 8 Listen to the following song and write down the sex chromosomes found in the chorus. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATWnH-yb6-o

Deaf screening: http://news. bbc. co Sex screening: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7696696.stm

Do you think IVF embryos should be screened for deafness Do you think IVF embryos should be screened for deafness? Explain your answer considering ethical, social and economic factors. Would it make a difference to your answer if it was screening for cancer risk? Gender? Criminality risk? Eye colour?