Chapter 8 The Presidency  To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009

Roots of the Presidency No chief executive under Articles of Confederation. Natural-born citizen, 35 years old. Two four-year terms, per Twenty-Second Amendment. Little attention to vice president. Can be impeached by Congress. Order of succession in Twenty-Fifth Amendment.

Constitutional Powers More limited than Article I powers of Congress. Appointments to executive, Cabinet, and judiciary. Convene Congress. Make treaties or executive agreements. Veto legislation; no line-item veto. Act as commander in chief of armed forces. Pardon individuals accused of crimes.

Roles of the President Chief law enforcer. Leader of the party. Commander in chief. Shaper of domestic policy. Player in legislative process. Chief of state.

Establishing Presidential Power George Washington sets precedent. Claimed inherent powers for national government. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson follow lead. Andrew Jackson asserts power through veto. Abraham Lincoln uses Civil War to expand office. Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal ushers in new era.

Presidential Establishment Growing power of the vice president. Cabinet advisors to deal with a variety of issues. First ladies act as informal advisors. Executive Office of the President. White House staff directly responsible to president.

Presidential Leadership Leadership ability and personality can be key. “Power to persuade.” Bully pulpit and going public. Approval ratings can help or hinder.

President as Policy Maker FDR is first president to send policy to Congress. Very difficult to get presidential policies passed. Ability to get desired budget passed helps. Office of Management and Budget plays key role. Use of executive order to avoid Congress.

AV- Presidential Approval  Back

Table 8.1- U.S. Presidents  Back

Table 8.2- Presidential Succession  Back

Table 8.3- Women on Presidential Teams  Back

Table 8.4- Treaties  Back

Table 8.5- Presidential Vetoes  Back

Table 8.6- Best and Worst Presidents  Back

Table 8.7- U.S. Cabinet  Back

Table 8.8- Presidential Personalities  Back

1 Vice President of the United States 2 Speaker of the House 3 President pro tempore of the Senate 4 Secretary of State 5 Secretary of the Treasury 6 Secretary of Defense 7 Attorney General 8 Secretary of the Interior 9 Secretary of Agriculture 10 Secretary of Commerce 11 Secretary of Labor 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development 14 Secretary of Transportation 15 Secretary of Energy 16 Secretary of Education Secretary of Veterans Affairs 17 Secretary of Homeland Security The first four are set in the Constitution. The remaining are by date of originating the office. Back

No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. Back

Line Item Veto Declared illegal by the Supreme Court because there is an not any documentation in the Constitution giving this power to the President Back

Pardon A pardon is the forgiveness of a crime and the cancellation of the relevant penalty ; it is usually granted by the President. President Ford pardoned Nixon so he wouldn’t face criminal charges. President Carter pardoned the “Vietnam Era Draft Dodgers” so they could return to America and lead productive life as citizens. Back

Inherent Powers Powers granted to the President, especially in foreign relations and national security, that are not subject to legislative or judicial restrictions. Back

Office of Management and Budget Assists the President in overseeing the preparation of the Federal budget and in supervising its administration in Federal agencies. Back

Executive Orders The president of the United States has the authority to create laws or determine how existing laws should be carried out. It always has to to do with domestic affairs; executive agreements govern foreign affairs. Back