Warm Up 1) 3) List three things that farmers do that damage the environment http://www.7is7.com/otto/countdown.html http://www.fws.gov/international/laws-treaties-agreements/us-conservation-laws/lacey-act.html

How has Gabon made sustainable forestry possible? Video How has Gabon made sustainable forestry possible? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ajBanP96vtc

Read article, give visual, and answer 4 questions

Make graphic organizer Causes of Deforestation Ecological Cost to Deforestation Stats and Laws Solutions

MANAGING AND SUSTAINING FORESTS Forests provide a number of ecological and economic services that researchers have attempted to estimate their total monetary value. Figure 11-7

Types of Forests Old-growth forest: uncut or regenerated forest that has not been seriously disturbed for several hundred years. 22% of world’s forest. Hosts many species with specialized niches.

Types of Forests Second-growth forest: a stand of trees resulting from natural secondary succession. Tree plantation: planted stands of a particular tree species. Figure 11-8

Global Outlook: Extent of Deforestation Human activities have reduced the earth’s forest cover by as much as half. Losses are concentrated in developing countries. Figure 11-12

Causes of Deforestation

Case Study: Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis Almost half the people in the developing world face a shortage of fuelwood and charcoal. In Haiti, 98% of country is deforested. MIT scientist has found a way to make charcoal from spent sugarcane.

Harvesting Trees Building roads into previously inaccessible forests paves the way for fragmentation, destruction, and degradation. Figure 11-9

How can we meet demands for timber and save the forests?

Harvesting Trees Trees can be harvested individually from diverse forests (selective cutting), an entire forest can be cut down (clear cutting), or portions of the forest is harvested (e.g. strip cutting).

Harvesting Trees Effects of clear-cutting in the state of Washington, U.S. Figure 11-11

Solutions We can use forests more sustainably by emphasizing: Economic value of ecological services. Harvesting trees no faster than they are replenished. Protecting old-growth and vulnerable areas. Figure 11-13

CASE STUDY: FOREST RESOURCES AND MANAGEMENT IN THE U.S. U.S. forests cover more area than in 1920. Since the 1960’s, an increasing area of old growth and diverse second-growth forests have been clear-cut. Often replace with tree farms. Decreases biodiversity. Disrupts ecosystem processes.

Types and Effects of Forest Fires Depending on their intensity, fires can benefit or harm forests. Burn away flammable ground material. Release valuable mineral nutrients.

Solutions: Controversy Over Fire Management To reduce fire damage: Set controlled surface fires. Allow fires to burn on public lands if they don’t threaten life and property. Clear small areas around property subject to fire.

Solutions: Controversy Over Fire Management In 2003, U.S. Congress passed the Healthy Forest Restoration Act: Allows timber companies to cut medium and large trees in 71% of the national forests. In return, must clear away smaller, more fire-prone trees and underbrush. Some forest scientists believe this could increase severe fires by removing fire resistant trees and leaving highly flammable slash.

Controversy over Logging in U.S. National Forests There has been an ongoing debate over whether U.S. national forests should be primarily for: Timber. Ecological services. Recreation. Mix of these uses. Figure 11-16

Solutions: Reducing Demand for Harvest Trees Tree harvesting can be reduced by wasting less wood and making paper and charcoal fuel from fibers that do not come from trees. Kenaf is a promising plant for paper production.

American Forests in a Globalized Economy Timber from tree plantations in temperate and tropical countries is decreasing the need for timber production in the U.S. This could help preserve the biodiversity in the U.S. by decreasing pressure to clear-cut old-growth and second-growth forests. This may lead to private land owners to sell less profitable land to developers. Forest management policy will play a key role.

CASE STUDY: TROPICAL DEFORESTATION Large areas of ecologically and economically important tropical forests are being cleared and degraded at a fast rate.

CASE STUDY: TROPICAL DEFORESTATION At least half of the world’s terrestrial plant and animal species live in tropical rain forests. Large areas of tropical forest are burned to make way for cattle ranches and crops.

Why Should We Care about the Loss of Tropical Forests? About 2,100 of the 3,000 plants identified by the National Cancer Institute as sources of cancer-fighting chemicals come from tropical forests. Figure 11-17

Causes of Tropical Deforestation and Degradation Tropical deforestation results from a number of interconnected primary and secondary causes. Figure 11-18

Sustaining Tropical Forests Solutions Sustaining Tropical Forests Prevention Restoration Protect most diverse and endangered areas Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Phase out subsidies that encourage unsustainable forest use Add subsidies that encourage sustainable forest use Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps and conservation easements Certify sustainably grown timber Reduce illegal cutting Reduce poverty Slow population growth Reforestation Rehabilitation of degraded areas Concentrate farming and ranching on already-cleared areas Figure 11-19 Solutions: ways to protect tropical forests and use them more sustainably. QUESTION: Which three of these solutions do you think are the most important? Fig. 11-19, p.213

Kenya’s Green Belt Movement: Individuals Matter Wangari Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement. The main goal is to organize poor women to plant (for fuelwood) and protect millions of trees. In 2004, awarded Nobel peace prize. p.214

MANAGING AND SUSTAINING GRASSLANDS Almost half of the world’s livestock graze on natural grasslands (rangelands) and managed grasslands (pastures). We can sustain rangeland productivity by controlling the number and distribution of livestock and by restoring degraded rangeland.

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity What Can You Do? Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity • Adopt a forest. • Plant trees and take care of them. • Recycle paper and buy recycled paper products. • Buy sustainable wood and wood products. • Choose wood substitutes such as bamboo furniture and recycled plastic outdoor furniture, decking, and fencing. • Restore a nearby degraded forest or grassland. • Landscape your yard with a diversity of plants natural to the area. • Live in town because suburban sprawl reduces biodiversity. Figure 10.27 Individuals matter: ways to help sustain terrestrial biodiversity. Fig. 11-25, p. 222

Timber Activity Groups of 4 Roles: -Lumberjack -Forest -Forest manager -Timer -Toothpicks—represent a tree Graph data + answer questions Use pgs in book to answer questions

Exit Slip There is a sustainable and unsustainable way to farm, get lumber, and fish. Describe THREE ways to be sustainable in each and THREE ways NOT to be sustaianable.