2.2 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems Nutrient cycles – the flow of nutrients IN and OUT of the land, ocean, atmosphere and deep rock. The health of our ecosystems depends on the balance of: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Hydrogen and Oxygen C N P H O

CARBON CYCLE A. Carbon Facts: Carbon is found in all living matter. Places that carbon is found are called stores or sinks Short-term Stores Long-term Stores living things in water & on land - underground (oil, gas, rotting tissue of plants/animals natural gas and coal) atmosphere (air) - sedimentary rock - ocean (dissolved in the water) (limestone) - ocean floor (old shells)

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B. How Carbon Changes Form: 1. Photosynthesis (in plants, algae and cyanobacteria) CO2 + H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + O2 2. Cellular respiration (in cells of all living things) C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ENERGY (energy is used for growth, repair etc.) Decomposition (rotting) – done by bacteria/fungi cellulose  CO2

4. : Ocean mixing: moves CO2 around the world - CO2 sinks in cold ocean waters  flows to the warm equator and evaporates into the air. Combustion: (burning, engines, volcanoes, forest fires) fossil fuels + O2  CO2 + H2O + ENERGY (oil, gas, natural gas, coal)

MAGMA = Molten sedimentary rock VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS Sometimes CO2 is released from volcanoes! MAGMA = Molten sedimentary rock

Lava going into the ocean at Hawaii’s Volcanoes National Park

FOREST FIRES CO2 is rapidly released during forest fires

Human Activities & CO2 1. Burning Fossil Fuels CO2 in atmosphere has increased 30% in past 160 years. In the 160,000 years before that, it only increased 1-3%. Carbon is removed from long-term storage as we mine coal & drill for oil and gas. CO2 is also a greenhouse gas, (traps heat in atmosphere) 2. Removing Trees Trees absorb CO2, so when they are cut down, CO2 is released into the air. Other crops don’t remove as much CO2

CO2 on the rise in the atmosphere For the past 160 000 years, the increase in CO2 was 1-3 % Since 1850, the increase has been 30% Scientists estimate that carbon stores in the atmosphere will rise by at least 1/3 by the end of the century.

Burning Fossil Fuels (oil, gas, coal)

HUMAN ACTIVITIES – adding CO2 to atmosphere Burning fossil fuels Clearing land (for agriculture) Driving (cars & trucks) Urban expansion

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Nitrogen Cycle A. Nitrogen Facts Makes up DNA & proteins (muscle function). Help plants grow. Nitrogen Stores: Atmosphere (78% is N2) Oceans Organic matter in soil Lakes, marshes, organisms

B. How Nitrogen Changes Form: - N2 is not usable by plants or animals, so it has to be converted to other forms. Plants can use NO3- (nitrate) and NH4+ (ammonium) Nitrogen Fixation Lightning changes N2 (nitrogen gas)  NO3- (nitrate). Rain washes nitrate into soil. (small amount) Bacteria in soil (rhizobium) & cyanobacteria in water change N2 (nitrogen gas)  NH4+ (ammonium). (more)

N2 NO3- Lightning provides the energy for nitrogen to react with oxygen in the atmosphere!

N2 NH4+ Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in water can also do this! Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil can convert (“fix”) N2 to ammonium. Usually live on roots of legumes and other plants. In the water In the soil Rhizobium Video

Nitrification (done by nitrifying bacteria). NH4+ (ammonium)  NO2- (nitrite)  NO3- (nitrate) Uptake NO3- is sucked into plants & used for growth. Herbivores eat plants & use N for making proteins & DNA. Denitrification (done by denitrifying bacteria & volcanic eruptions) NO3-  N2

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Nitrogen Cycle

Human activities affect the nitrogen cycle. The amount of nitrogen in the ecosystem has doubled in 50 y. due to: Burning fossil fuels & sewage treatment. NO & NO2 are byproducts Land-clearing by burning. acid rain is formed which contains nitric acid (HNO3). Overfertilization NH4+ & NO3- leach into soil & waterways. huge growth in aquatic algae = eutrophication These algal blooms use up all CO2 & O2, block sunlight & produce neurotoxins which poison and kill many aquatic organisms.

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The Phosphorous Cycle A. Phosphorous Facts Phosphorous is a part of the molecule that carries energy in cells (ATP). Phosphorous helps root growth, stem strength and seed production. In animals, phosphorous is important for strong bones. Phosphorus Stores: Not in atmosphere, but in phosphate rocks (PO43–, HPO42–, H2PO4) and sediments on the ocean floor.

How Phosphorous Changes Form. Weathering (breaking down rock into smaller pieces). a) Chemical weathering: acid rain or lichens releases phosphates (PO43- ) b) Physical weathering wind, water and freezing release the phosphates. Uptake: plants suck up PO43-, then are eaten by animals. Decomposition: Bacteria break down organic matter & phosphorous is returned to soil. Geologic Uplift: when rocks under the ground are pushed up  mountains  weathering.

Mt. Everest is made of limestone that must have originally formed on ancient sea floor. It contains fossils of marine creatures. creatures.

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The Phosphorous Cycle

C. Human activities affect the Phosphorous Cycle. 1. Mining: increases P in ecosystems quickly. 2. Slash-and-burn forest practices: turns P into ash, which runs into waterways.

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How Changes in Nutrient Cycles Affect Biodiversity Any significant changes to any of these nutrients (C, H, O, N or P) can greatly impact biodiversity. Carbon cycle changes  climate change & global warming. Too much nitrogen can allow certain plant species to out-compete other species. Decreased levels of phosphorous  slow growth of algae (important producers). Take the Section 2.2 Quiz