Soil Classification NR 200 Chapter 3 9/19/2018

Why classify? Soils are classified on the basis of their profile characteristics: Moisture, temperature, color, texture, structure, organic matter, clay, iron, salts, pH, percentage of base saturation and soil depth. 9/19/2018

Individual soils: soil series. Pedon – and individual soil profile 1- 10 m2 Polypedon – a group of pedons When a polypedon has related characteristics of the profile then we can call it a : soil series. 9/19/2018

Many terms are used to describe soils: Epipedons – top portion Ochric – light colored, low organic matter and may be massive structure when dry. Histic – High organic matter Subsurface Duripan – hardpan cemented by silica Fragipan – brittle pan, loamy to silty in texture Salic – Accumulation of salts 9/19/2018

Many terms are used to describe soils: continued Soil moisture Ustic – soil moisture available during the growing season but dry drought periods will occur. Xeric – moist cool winters and dry summers 9/19/2018

Taxonomy of Soil Science:. The systematic evaluation of Taxonomy of Soil Science: The systematic evaluation of the properties of the soil. Just like all living organisms. 9/19/2018

Alfisols – Soils with an accumulation of clay in the B horizon. The older soils between the rivers - O, A, E, Bt (t is clay accumulation) and C Ca series: Dinuba, Modesto, San Joaquin, Fresno, Montpellier 9/19/2018

Alfisols are in semiarid to moist areas. These soils result from weathering processes that leach clay minerals and other constituents out of the surface layer and into the subsoil, where they can hold and supply moisture and nutrients to plants. They formed primarily under forest or mixed vegetative cover and are productive for most crops. Alfisols make up about 10% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Andisols – Volcanic soils (ash, cinders, pumice and basalt)– Hawaii, Northern California 9/19/2018

Andisols make up about 1% of the world’s ice-free land surface. Andisols form from weathering processes that generate minerals with little crystalline structure. These minerals can result in an unusually high water- and nutrient-holding capacity. As a group, Andisols tend to be highly productive soils. They include weakly weathered soils with much volcanic glass as well as more strongly weathered soils. They are common in cool areas with moderate to high precipitation, especially those areas associated with volcanic materials. Andisols make up about 1% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Aridisols – Arid Western soils low organic soils Aridisols – Arid Western soils low organic soils. Moisture is inadequate to mature a crop without irrigation in most years. 9/19/2018

Aridisols are common in the deserts of the world. Aridisols are soils that are too dry for the growth of mesophytic plants. The lack of moisture greatly restricts the intensity of weathering processes and limits most soil development processes to the upper part of the soils. Aridisols often accumulate gypsum, salt, calcium carbonate, and other materials that are easily leached from soils in more humid environments. Aridisols are common in the deserts of the world. Aridisols make up about 12% of the world’s ice-free surface. 9/19/2018

California Series: Hanford, Delhi, Tujunga, Zacharis, White Rock Entisols – Very young soils, with C horizon and maybe a slight developed A horizon The Entisol soils that are formed from alluvial fans are some of the most productive soils in the world. Irrigated farming on the good young Valley soils produces crops in great abundance. California Series: Hanford, Delhi, Tujunga, Zacharis, White Rock 9/19/2018

Entisols make up about 16% of the world’s ice-free land surface. Entisols are soils that show little or no evidence of pedogenic horizon development. Entisols occur in areas of recently deposited parent materials or in areas where erosion or depositions rates are faster than the rate of soil development; such as dunes, steep slopes, and flood planes. They occur in many environments. Entisols make up about 16% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Gelisols – permafrost soils, tundra slowly aging. 9/19/2018

Gelisols are common in the higher latitudes or at high elevations. Gelisols are soils that have permafrost near the soil surface and/or have evidence of cryoturbation (frost churning) and/or ice segregation. Gelisols are common in the higher latitudes or at high elevations. Gelisols make up about 9% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Histosols – Organic soils over 20% OM –Delta area 9/19/2018

Histosols make up about 1% of the world’s ice-free surface. Histosols have a high content of organic matter and no permafrost. Most are saturated year round, but a few are freely drained. Histosols are commonly called bogs, moors, peats, or mucks. Histosols form in decomposed plant remains that accumulate in water, forest litter, or moss faster than they decay. If these soils are drained and exposed to air, microbial decomposition is accelerated and the soils may subside dramatically. Histosols make up about 1% of the world’s ice-free surface. 9/19/2018

Inceptisols – Young soils but older then Entisols A-C horizon with the beginning formation of a B layer. Hilmar Series 9/19/2018

Inceptisols make up about 17% of the world’s ice-free land surface. Inceptisols are soils of semiarid to humid environments that generally exhibit only moderate degrees of soil weathering and development. Inceptisols have a wide range in characteristics and occur in a wide variety of climates. Inceptisols make up about 17% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Mollisols – Most soils have developed under grass vegetation, Prairie soils Mineral soils with thick, dark surface horizons relatively high in organic matter and with high base saturation. The great Mid-West grain belt is predominately this order. Ca series: Grangeville, Sorrento 9/19/2018

Mollisols make up about 7% of the world’s ice-free land surface. Mollisols are soils that have a dark colored surface horizon relatively high in content of organic matter. The soils are base rich throughout and therefore are quite fertile. Mollisols characteristically form under grass in climates that have a moderate to pronounced seasonal moisture deficit. They are extensive soils on the steppes of Europe, Asia, North America, and South America. Mollisols make up about 7% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Oxisols – Highly weathered soils old soils with high pH , Tropical - Hawaii 9/19/2018

Oxisols make up about 8% of the world’s ice-free land surface. Oxisols are highly weathered soils of tropical and subtropical regions. They are dominated by low activity minerals, such as quartz, kaolinite, and iron oxides. They tend to have indistinct horizons. Oxisols characteristically occur on land surfaces that have been stable for a long time. They have low natural fertility as well as a low capacity to retain additions of lime and fertilizer. Oxisols make up about 8% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Spodosols – Light colored, acid forest cool humid regions generally infertile, high altitudes with heavy precipitation. 9/19/2018

Spodosols make up about 4% of the world’s ice-free land surface Spodosols formed from weathering processes that strip organic natter combined with aluminum (with or without iron) form the surface layer and deposit them in the subsoil. In undisturbed areas, a gray eluvial horizon that has the color of uncoated quartz overlies a reddish brown or black subsoil. Spodosols commonly occur in areas of coarse-textured deposits under coniferous forests of humid regions. They tend to be acid and infertile. Spodosols make up about 4% of the world’s ice-free land surface 9/19/2018

Ultisols – Highly weathered soils found in the Southwestern US Ultisols – Highly weathered soils found in the Southwestern US. Lower Sierra soils 9/19/2018

Ultisols make up about 8% of the world’s ice-free land surface. Ultisols are soils in humid areas. They formed from fairly intense weathering and leaching processes that result in a clay-enriched subsoil dominated by minerals, such as quartz, kaolinite, and iron oxides. Ultisols are typically acid soils in which most nutrients are concentrated in the upper few inches. They have a moderately low capacity to retain additions of lime and fertilizer. Ultisols make up about 8% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Vertisols – High in swelling clays, when soils dry exhibit a great deal of cracking. California: Capay, Stockton series 9/19/2018

Vertisols make up about 2% of the world’s ice-free land surface. Vertisols have a high content of expanding clay minerals. They undergo pronounced changes in volume with changes in moisture. They have cracks that open and close periodically, and that show evidence of soil movement in the profile. Because they swell when wet, vertisols transmit water very slowly and have undergone little leaching. They tend to be fairly high in natural fertility. Vertisols make up about 2% of the world’s ice-free land surface. 9/19/2018

Using the Terminology Alfisols Alf, Meaningless syllable Pedalfer Soil Order Formative Terms Pronunciation Alfisols Alf, Meaningless syllable Pedalfer Andisols Modified from ando Ando Aridisols Latin, aridies, dry Arid Entisols Ent, meaningless Recent Gelisols Latin gelare, to freeze Jell Histosols Greek, histos, tissue Histology Inceptisols Latin, incepum, beginning Inception Mollisols Latin, mollis, soft Mollify Oxisols French oxide Oxide Spodosols Greek spodos, wood ash Odd Ultisols Latin ultimus, last Ultimate Vertisols Latin verto, turn Invert 9/19/2018

Using the Terminology The ending of the taxonomic soil term will indicate which order it belongs to; ie using the taxonomic name of a soil such as: Modesto Series- Mollic Haploxeralfs (Scientific name) meaning it comes from the Alfisol order. 9/19/2018

Determine the orders for the following soils. Tujunga Series - Typic Xeropsamments meaning it is ___________ order Entisols Peter Series - Typic Haploxerolls meaning it is ____________ order Mollisols Keyes Series - Abruptic Durixeralfs meaning it is ____________ order Alfisols Hilmar Series - Aeric Halaquepts meaning it is ____________ order Inceptisols 9/19/2018

Land Capability Classes – a method of determining a soil’s ability to grow certain types of crops. 9/19/2018

slope of the field, depth, texture, and reaction of the soil. The criteria for placing a given area in a particular class involves the landscape location- slope of the field, depth, texture, and reaction of the soil. The remaining four classes, V thru VIII, are not to be used for cropland, but may have uses for pasture, range, woodland, grazing, wildlife, recreation, and esthetic purposes. 9/19/2018

Exerpt from A. A. Klingebiel and P. H Exerpt from A. A. Klingebiel and P. H. Montgomery, Land Capability Classification, Agriculture Handbook No. 210 (Washington, DC: Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1961), pp. 1-3. 9/19/2018

I: Can grow anything 9/19/2018

II: Can grow most anything once minor soil problems are addressed 2-6% slope shallow soils minor saline or alkali conditions slight drainage problems 9/19/2018

III: Good soils that have more moderate problems 6-12% slope erosion concerns very shallow soil low fertility moderate saline and alkaline conditions 9/19/2018

IV: Pasture to grass hays 9/19/2018

V-VIII: Little agriculture value except for pasture for grazing 9/19/2018

Letters for further understanding e - erosion factor w – wetness s – stony, tillage difficulties, shallow or saline 9/19/2018

Storie Index Rating 9/19/2018

Factor A Physical Profile and based on their physiological location Recent Alluvial fans, young alluvial fans, older alluvial fans, older plains and upland. Based on the degree of soil profile development 9/19/2018

Factor B Surface texture - Fine Sandy Loam, Loam and Silt Loam = 100 9/19/2018

Factor C Slope 0-2% = 100 9/19/2018

Factor X Drainage Alkali Fertility Acidity Erosion Microrelief 9/19/2018

Grading Grade 1 Excellent 100-80 Grade 2 Good 60-79 Grade 3 Fair 40-59 Grade 4 Poor 20-39 Grade 5 Very Poor 10-19 Grade 6 Nonagricultural less then 10 9/19/2018

Example using the Storie index system: Young Alluvial Flood plains slightly developed profile 95-100 - 100% Factor A (Physical Profile) = ___________ Sandy Loam – 95% Factor B (Surface Texture) = _____________ Nearly Level – 100% Factor C (Slope) = _____________ Nutrient level poor – 80-95 -90% Factor X (Other Factors ) = _____________ Drainage, Alkali, Nutrient, Acidity, Erosion, Microrelief 1.00 X .95 X 1.00 X .90 = 85.5 Which is a grade 1 Excellent soil 9/19/2018