Energy Usage: An Historical Perspective Lecture #2 Spring 2018 PHYS 331 Section 002 Renewable Energy

A. moving at constant speed in the direction of F1 Box F1 F2 In the diagram above, a box is on a frictionless horizontal surface with forces F1 and F2 acting as shown. If the magnitude of F1 is greater than the magnitude of F2, then the box is A. moving at constant speed in the direction of F1 B. moving at constant speed in the direction of F2 C. accelerating in the direction of F1 D. accelerating in the direction of F2 E. not moving at all.

The metric unit of a Joule (J) is a unit of A. potential energy. B. work. C. kinetic energy. D. All of the above (A, B, and C) are measured in Joules. E. None of the above (A, B, and C) are measured in Joules.

Which statement is true about the concept of power? A. Power is the distance over which work is done. B. Power is the time at which energy is expended. C. Power is the work done per unit time. D. All of the above (A, B, and C) can be said about power. E. None of the above (A, B, and C) is true about power.

The kilowatt-hour is a unit of A. power. B. work. C. time. D. area. E. volume.

History of Energy Consumption Biological Energy Sources Initial energy transfer occurs through photosynthesis. Very early in history humans began to exploit additional energy sources to make life more comfortable. Human, animal labor Transportation, cooking, primitive light

Energy use - Middle ages Wind for sailing Peat, charcoal, coal on ground for fires – cooking, heat Water wheels, wind mills for grain grinding Animal power also Candles – animal fat & whale oil - light

Increased Use of Wood Early civilizations used human muscle power as their primary energy source. Energy provided by burning wood enabled people to cook food, heat living areas, and develop primitive metallurgy. Dense, rapidly growing settlements outstripped wood production, thus new fuel sources had to be utilized. 1890, coal replaced wood - primary energy source

Fossil Fuels Carboniferous period, (286-362 Mya) large deposits of plants, animals, and microorganisms. Led to the formation of fossil fuel deposits.

Industrial Revolution - 1875 Industrial Revolution - Machines replaced human and animal labor in the manufacture and transportation of goods. Steam engines converting heat energy into forward motion was central to this transformation. Countries or regions without large coal deposits were consequently left behind.

Industrial Revolution Prior to the Industrial Revolution, goods were manufactured on a small scale in private homes – master craftsman Expanding factories = larger labor pools, move to city 200 years, energy consumption increased 8X *Increased levels of air pollution.

Fossil fuels are derived from biological material produced iClicker Question Fossil fuels are derived from biological material produced A at the time of the industrial revolution B about 300 million years ago C about 1 million years ago D about 1 billion years ago E at the turn of the previous century

Changes in Energy Sources to 2014 Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, AER Energy Perspectives and MER.

iClicker Question At the turn of this century (2000) most energy was derived from A Coal B Wood C Natural Gas D Oil E Nuclear Power

Role of The Automobile Growth of automobile industry led to roadway construction; required energy. Better roads - Higher speeds Higher speeds - Bigger faster cars = Bigger faster cars - Better roads Convenience of two-car families - Job growth in automobile-related industries - Major role in development of industrialized nations.

Role of The Automobile Cars altered people’s lifestyle Greater Distance Travel Sprawling Cities New Suburbs – but they existed B4 Vacations More distant

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, U. S SOURCE: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Census Bureau, 2009 American Community Survey (Washington, DC), table GCT0801, available at http://www.census.gov/acs/www/ as of August 2010.

iClicker Question From the data provided do you think people in New York live closer or further to their place of employment than those people in North Dakota? A Closer B Further C Cannot be determined

Source [2009]: Data from American Community Survey conducted by the US Census Bureau. Figure developed by SAIC.

Growth in the Use of Natural Gas Initially, natural gas was burned as a waste product at oil wells. Before 1940, accounted for less than 10% of energy consumption in United States. By 1970, accounted for about 30% of energy needs. In 2003 accounted for 25% of U.S. consumption. Primarily used for home heating and industrial purposes.

How is Energy Used? Industrialized nations use energy for: Residential / Commercial uses Industrial uses Transportation Less developed countries use most energy for residential purposes. Cooking and Heating Developing countries use much of their energy to develop industry.

U.S. Consumption of Oil

Consumption of Energy Per Capita

iClicker Question Oil consumption in the U.S. has always risen since 1970. A True B False

Residential and Commercial Energy Use N. America - 16% of energy used for residential and commercial purposes. 75% used for air conditioning and heating as well as water heaters. India - 57% used for residential and commercial purposes.

Industrial Energy Use Total amount of energy required in a country’s industrial sector depends on industrial processes in use. Many countries use inefficient processes and could reduce energy consumption by converting to more efficient means. Need capital investments. Many less developed countries don’t have the necessary capital.

Transportation Energy Uses Per capita energy use for transportation is high in developing countries and highest in highly developed countries. Mass Transit systems are most efficient in countries with a dense population. Most countries heavily tax fuel, increasing the appeal of mass transit.

Per capita energy use for transportation

Transportation Energy Uses In North America, government policies have kept energy costs low, thus supporting the automobile industry. Private automobiles in N. America consume over 40% of world gasoline production. North America only accounts for 5% or world population.

Electrical Energy Most electrical energy is produced as a result of burning fossil fuels. Because electricity is easily transported and its uses are so varied, electricity is a major world energy source. Industrialized nations have 20% of the world’s population, but use 60% of the world’s electricity. Per capita use in N. America is 25 times greater than that in less-developed countries.

World Electrical Energy Use Source(2012): CIA World Factbook

How does the US compare to others in overall energy use?

The Economics and Politics of Energy Use A correlation exists between energy and productivity. Most industrial societies want to ensure a continuous supply of affordable energy. The higher the price of energy, the more expensive goods and services become. Subsidies help keep energy costs down.

Fuel Economy and Government Policy Price of gasoline determined by two factors: Purchasing and processing crude oil. Taxes Taxes in the U.S. represent less than 30% of retail gasoline price. 40% in Canada 50-75% in Japan and Europe

Fuel Economy and Government Policy Governments often charge road users to help build and repair roads by taxing fuel. Can also discourage use via increases. U.S. only raises 60% of monies needed for roads from fuel taxes. This tends to keep fuel costs low Encourages consumption

Gasoline Taxes and Fuel Cost

iClicker Question Which of the following countries has the lowest gas taxes? A France B Germany C Spain D Japan E USA

Political and Economic Factors During the 1980’s, energy costs in North America and Europe declined less concern about energy consumption But look at trends since 1979 - oil ~ $40 / barrel 1998 - oil ~ $15 / barrel 2015 – oil 1/25/15 ~$45.59 / barrel Factors determining energy use Political Stability Price of Oil Others? 5-year price trend

The Importance of OPEC Oil Producing and Exporting Countries Twelve members Control over 78% of world’s estimated oil reserves? 1,000 billion barrels? Supply & Demand?

Sources of US oil 1997 to 2012

Changes in World Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption in 2003/2009 Over half of world energy consumption is by the 25 member countries of the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). Available Energy Sources Oil 38% Natural Gas 26% Coal 24%

Energy Consumption Trends Energy consumption behavior of most people is motivated by economics rather than a desire to wisely use energy resources. Over the past several years, world oil prices have been extremely volatile. OPEC Actions Persian Gulf War Iraq War ISIL/ISIS Battles Oversupply