Ecosystems What is ecology?

Habitats An organism obtains food, water, shelter , and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from its environment. Organism = an individual animal, plant, or single-celled life form (living thing) Habitat = an environment that provides the things the organism needs to live, grow, and reproduce Why do different organisms live in different habitats?

Biotic Factors An organism interacts with both the living and nonliving parts of its habitat. Biotic Factors = the living parts of a habitat Name a biotic factor in your environment.

Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors = the nonliving parts of an organism’s habitat Examples: water, sunlight oxygen, temperature, and soil

Levels of Organization Population = all the members of one species in a particular area Species = a group of organisms that are physically similar and can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.

Levels of Organization Community = all the different populations that live together in an area Ecosystems = the community of organisms that live in a particular area, along with their nonliving surroundings

Summary The smallest level of organization is a single organism, which belongs to a population that includes other members of its species. The population belongs to a community of different species. The community and abiotic factors together form an ecosystem.

Energy Roles An organism’s energy role is determined by how it obtains energy and how it interacts with other organisms. Each of the organisms in an ecosystem fills the energy role of producer, consumer, or decomposer.

Energy Roles Producers = organisms that make their own food Example: plants, algae and some bacteria Energy enters most ecosystems as sunlight Most producers use the sun’s energy to make food molecules (photosynthesis)

Energy Roles Consumer = an organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms Herbivores = consumers that eat only plants Carnivores = consumers that eat only animals Omnivores = consumers that eat both plants and animals Scavenger = a carnivore that feeds on the bodies of dead organisms

Let’s Discuss What do herbivores and carnivores have in common? What does an ecosystem need in order to allow matter to be recycled?

Energy Roles Decomposers break down wastes and dead organisms and return the raw materials to the ecosystem. Examples: mushrooms & bacteria

The movement of energy through an ecosystem What is the difference between a food chain and a food web? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtnJhm4B3XE

Example of Ecosystem

The movement of energy through an ecosystem A food chain is a series of events in which one organism eats another and obtains energy.

The movement of energy through an ecosystem A food web consists of the many overlapping food chains in an ecosystem. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cd1M9xD482s

Energy Pyramid An energy pyramid shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web

Draw the pyramid Decomposers

Another Way To Look At It

Biomass Pyramid A biomass pyramid represents the total mass of living organic matter (biomass) at each trophic level in an ecosystem.

Density dependent factors = factors whose effects on the size or growth of the population vary with the size of the population. Examples: availability of food, predation, disease, and migration *The main factor is the availability of food.

Density-independent factor = Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is not dependent on the number of individuals in the population. Example = earthquake, which will kill all members of the population regardless of whether the population is small or large.

Types of Interactions: Species Interactions Types of Interactions: Predation Competition Symbiosis Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Predation Predator-Prey Predation is any interaction between two organisms in which one organism (the predator) consumes all or part of another organism (the prey). Predator-Prey Photo Credit: Dr. Kay Holekamp, MSU, http://hyenas.zoology.msu.edu/hyena/image-gallery.html (Image 13 from Photo Gallery) Predation can involve one animal eating another animal. Watch Video : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tgPoi0hWjk If still available, you can watch the entire episode from David Attenborough’s Life of Mammals, the Meat Eaters (50 minutes): http://www.videosift.com/video/David-Attenborough-The-Life-of-Mammals-5-Meat-Eaters

Herbivore-Plant Interactions An herbivore grazing on a plant is another example of predation. Photo Credit: Rhett A. Butler @ mongabay.com Herbivore-Plant Interaction: Manatee Grazing on Aquatic Plants

Prey Defenses Predation usually results in the evolution of defensive adaptations in prey. These can include: Chemical defenses (toxins, poison, acrid sprays) Behavior (living in groups, scouts, alarm calls) Morphological features (spines, color, structures that allow you to run fast or detect predators), and other traits Photo Credit: Rhett A. Butler @ mongabay.com Caterpillar with Venomous Spines

Behavioral Defense Example Caterpillar Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWOC8trquFo A Different Twist on Predator-Prey Interactions Watch “Battle at Kruger” taken by an amateur photographer on his lucky day: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LU8DDYz68kM

Camouflage Camouflage is protective coloration in which an animal resembles its background. Photo Credit: Rhett A. Butler @ mongabay.com

Competition Competition in an interaction between two organisms that are using the same limited resource. Competition can be within the same species (intraspecific) or between different species (interspecific).

Symbiosis Symbiosis is an intimate relationship between different species in which at least one species depends upon the relationship to survive.

Types of Symbiosis Mutualism: Both partners benefit from the relationship (+, +) Commensalism: One partner benefits from the relationship; the other partner is not affected (+, 0) Parasitism: One partner benefits from the relationship; the other partner is harmed (+, -)

Types of Symbiosis When one partner is really small and lives inside of the other partner, the other partner is called the host. The really small partner can be called a mutualist, a commensalist, or a parasite (depending on the type of relationship). Sometimes, the really small partner is called the symbiont. This is a general term and does not imply a type of relationship.

Example of Mutualism Acacia ants live in acacia trees. The tree provides big hollow thorns as a home for the ants.

Example of Mutualism The tree also provides food for the ants in yellow swellings on the leaves (red oval).

Example of Mutualism The ants defend the tree against herbivores, both large and small. They attack insects and large grazing herbivores.

Example of Mutualism The ants also clear an area around the tree of competing vegetation. Without the ants, the acacia tree cannot compete with other trees.

Example of Commensalism Cattle egrets are often found around grazing herbivores, such as these African buffalo or cattle in Texas fields.

Example of Commensalism The cattle egrets eat insects that are flushed as the big herbivores move around. The herbivores get no benefit or harm from the egrets. Photo Credit: Noodlefish @ flickr.com

Example of Parasitism Songbirds are often heavily parasitized by ticks. The birds are often anemic, stressed and more vulnerable to predation. Female ticks must have a good blood meal in order to lay eggs. Photo Credit: Bill Hilton, Jr. @ hiltonpond.org

Example of Parasitism Fungal parasites often infect living organisms, such as plants, animals or other fungi. This shelf fungus releases enzymes to digest the wood of this tree, which weakens the tree and makes it more vulnerable. Photo Credit: BIOL 1407 Student

Scholastic Jams: Symbiosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0UHMUIGhGNg

CYCLES Matter Cycles Nitrogen: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xfwZV6rtnvw Carbon Cycle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WKRV8cM6-kk Water Cycle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mimTmJEzlDo

WATER CYCLE http://www.songsforteaching.com/curriculumrocks/watercycle.htm

NITROGEN CYCLE

Carbon-Oxygen Cycle

The Food Cycle