Kingdoms, Dichotomous Keys, Diversity, & Resilience

Homework Review pp. 8-23 in your textbook and answer 1.1 even questions 1.2, questions 1, 3, 5 Define: unicellular & multicellular prokaryotic & eukaryotic autotrophic & heterotrophic sexual & asexual Species Concepts?

Definitions Unicellular: single-celled Multicellular: more than one cell Prokaryote: smaller, simpler type of cell without a membrane-bound nucleus Eukaryote: larger, more complex type of cell with a membrane-bound nucleus Autotroph: obtains energy by making its own food (sunlight) Heterotroph: consumes other organisms to obtain energy and nutrients Sexual reproduction: requires the genetic material from two parents to form offspring with a unique combination of genes (unique to the Domain, Eukarya) Asexual reproduction: offspring arise from a single parent, and inherit the genes of that parent only. The offspring will be exact genetic copies of the parent (eg. in Eukarya include some reptiles, insects, and fish).

Eukaryotic cells Us! Membrane-bound nucleus much larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells Examples? Organisms we can see

Prokaryotic cells Do not have a nucleus. Genetic material is found in the cytoplasm Smaller, and less complex than eukaryotic cells There are at least 20 times more prokaryotic cells on Earth than there are eukaryotic cells biologists now estimate that each human being carries nearly 20 times more bacterial, or prokaryotic, cells in his or her body than human, or eukaryotic, cells. http://www.shmoop.com/biology-cells/prokaryotic-cells.html

Features common to all cells

D O M A I N S K I N G D O M S

Kingdoms (refer to text p. 29, table 1.5)

DKPCOFGS: We need a mnemonic! Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Dichotomous Keys An identification solution that uses many 2-part choices to narrow down the solution We did this! With our shoes! (eg. leather and not leather) Another activity… meet the Norns! …for more practice and information, look at text pp. 40-1 Hand out a copy of the Norns key/pictures to each student, provide explanation and give 15 minutes to complete the dichotomous key

Criteria depends on Taxonomic rank (refer to p. 29, Table 1.5 vs p. 30, #9) If we’re interested in the Kingdom what types of criteria are we looking at? If we’re interested in the Species rank, what types of criteria are we looking at?

How to Make a Dichotomous Key From a Table of Bacterial Characteristics (for use in running the minimum number of tests in identifying an unknown bacterium) ericstavney.net/ppts/a10d%20DichoKeyExample.ppt

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production positive negative Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation positive negative Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens Catalase produced H2S production Litmus milk positive negative acid alkaline positive negative Aeromonas hydrophila Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium smegmatis

Table of Characteristics for Eight Bacteria Organism Characteristics Alcaligenes faecalis Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, alkaline with litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Citrobacter freundii Gram negative bacillus; acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, acid produced in litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S negative Pseudomonas fluorescens Gram negative bacillus, acid-fast negative, does not ferment galactose, catalase positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Streptococcus pneumoniae Gram positive oval coccus found as streptococci, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation negative, catalase negative, non-motile, acid in litmus milk, hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium smegmatis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-negative,, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Mycobacterium leprae Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast positive, galactose fermentation negative, catalase-positive, non-motile, alkaline in litmus milk not hemolytic, H2S negative Corynebacterium xerosis Gram positive club-shaped bacilli, acid-fast negative, galactose fermentation positive, non-motile, acid from litmus milk, catalase positive, not hemolytic, H2S negative Aeromonas hydrophila Gram negative bacilli, acid-fast negative, ferments galactose, catalase positive, motile, acid from litmus milk, not hemolytic, H2S positive

Dichotomous Key to Identifying Eight Bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Aeromonas hydrophila Gram stain negative positive Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium smegmatis Citrobacter freundii Mycobacterium leprae Pseudomonas fluorescens Corynebacterium xerosis Aeromonas hydrophila Streptococcus pneumoniae Galactose fermentation Acid-fast staining positive negative acid fast not acid fast Why do we classify? To better understand and organize diversity. Mycobacterium smegmatis Corynebacterium xerosis Mycobacterium leprae Streptococcus pneumoniae Alcaligenes faecalis Citrobacter freundii Aeromonas hydrophila Pseudomonas fluorescens Catalase produced Hemolysis H2S production Litmus milk positive acid alkaline negative positive negative positive negative Aeromonas hydrophila Citrobacter freundii Pseudomonas fluorescens Alcaligenes faecalis Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium smegmatis Streptococcus pneumoniae Corynebacterium xerosis

DIVERSITY!

Ecosystem Diversity www.forestgen.mi.lt

Diversity! Ecosystem Diversity: Ecosystem Services: The variety of ecosystems in the biosphere (landscapes) Ecosystem Services: Can you think of any examples? For a grassland? A ravine? Wetlands? Temperate forests? Tropical rainforests? Is it important to preserve ecosystem diversity? Why?

Diversity! Species Diversity: The variety and abundance of species in a given area (community) -What are some examples of species diversity? -How might species diversity at the level of primary production (plants) affect other trophic levels in food chains?

Species Diversity http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/concerns/biodiversity.htm

Species Diversity www.ontariostewardship.org 

Species Diversity Photo: Sam Benvie

Species Diversity Photo: Sam Benvie

Diversity! Genetic Diversity: The variety of genes in a population of interbreeding individuals -Why is genetic diversity important? -What would happen if a population lacked genetic diversity? Imagine we all got sick and couldn’t fight off the virus. Imagine a population of Lady ferns whose environment changed all of a sudden to being much wetter (hydrology).

Genetic Diversity (Homo sapiens) This diversity is the same thing for other species such as Red pine, American Grossbeak, Sperm whale Double helix: www.marbef.org; people: www.eco-pros.com

Resilience! Biodiversity is the most important factor in ensuring resilience at the ecosystem (landscape), species (communities), and genetic (population) scales What is resilience? Resilience is the ability of an ecosystem to maintain a balance in the face of outside disturbances What are some examples of threats to resilience? Loss of resilience = more brittle populations, communities, and ecosystems How does this relate to Endangered Species? Natural threats to resilience: Development (industrial, urban, agricultural, chemical) and other activity (recreational, cultural) resulting in a change in hydrology; changes in food web – extinction, overhunting, introduction of invasive species; climate change;

Endangered species profile #1 Polar bear (Ursus maritimus) © Wim van Passel / WWF-Canon http://worldwildlife.org/species/polar-bear

IMPORTANCE of the POLAR BEAR Polar bears are at the top of the food chain and have an important role in the overall health of the marine environment. Over thousands of years, polar bears have also been an important part of the cultures and economies of Arctic peoples. Polar bears depend on sea ice for their existence and are directly impacted by climate change—serving as important indicator species. http://worldwildlife.org/species/polar-bear

A Warming Climate Takes its Toll on the Polar Bears of Hundson Bay

Quiz Next Class! - Wed, Feb 13 Homework Review: text pp. 44-47: 1-22, 30, 32, 33 text pp. 48-49: 1-13, 17-23 (use the self-check summary at the bottom of page 49 for questions you don’t understand) Quiz Next Class! - Wed, Feb 13