Prokaryotes = no membrane bound organelles (no nucleus or mitochondria)

WHAT CAN THIS OLD TALE HAVE TO DO WITH BACTERIA???? Ring Around the Rosie Ring around the Rosie A pocket full of posies Ashes, Ashes We all fall down WHAT CAN THIS OLD TALE HAVE TO DO WITH BACTERIA???? Some think it is talking about the Great Plague, or Black Death, which is now thought to have been caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium .

Ring Around the Rosie ---"Ring around the Rosie” -Refers to a red mark, supposedly the first sign of the plague ---"A pocket full of posies“ -Refers to sachets of herbs carried to ward off infection ---"Ashes, ashes" -Either a reference to the cremation of plague victims or to the words said in the funeral Mass..."Ashes to ashes, dust to dust." ---"We all fall down.“ -The Plague was not selective in its victims; both rich and poor, young and old, succumbed.

Objective: By the end of this lesson you will be able to identify: Bacteria divides in two kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Bacteria main structures and functions.

Domains

cell walls contain peptidoglycan live almost everywhere cause diseases Domain Bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria prokaryotes cell walls contain peptidoglycan live almost everywhere cause diseases

Kingdom Archaebacteria Domain Archae Kingdom Archaebacteria prokaryotes cells walls LACK peptidoglycan May be ancestors of eukaryotes - DNA sequences of key genes are more like eukaryotes live in extremely harsh environments Examples: Methanogens – all anaerobes and produce methane; live in marsh mud, etc. Halophiles – live in extreme salt environments; Great Salt Lake Thermoacidophies – live in acidic/hot places; volcanic vents, hot springs

Review… In what two kingdoms is bacteria divided? Eubacteria & Archaebacteria In what two domains is bacteria divided? Which kingdom has cell walls containing peptidoglycan? Bacteria & Archae Which kingdom has bacteria that lives in extreme environments? Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Bacteria Kingdom Characteristics: Eubacteria Heterotrophs Parasites Saprobes Nitrogen decomp. Phtotosynthetic autotrophs Cyno-blue green Chemosynthetic Archaebacteria Extremists No free oxygen Methane producers Saline habitats Hot sulfur springs

Identifying Prokaryotes: 1. shape and cell arrangement staphylo – clusters strepto – chains 2. chemical nature of cell walls – response to Gram stain lab test cell wall mostly contains CARBS – Gram + (stains violet) cell wall mostly contains LIPIDS – Gram – (stains pink)

Gram stain lab test Contains lipids (Gram -) Contains carbs (Gram +)

3. the way they move - flagella, cilia or don’t move 4. the way they obtain energy – Heterotrophic/Photoheterotrophic or Photoautotrophic/Chemoautotrophic 5. release energy (O2 requirements) obligate anaerobes - can not survive in presence of O2 obligate aerobes – must have O2 to survive facultative anaerobes – can live with or without O2 Heterotrophs – use endocytosis and exocytosis to take in food & eliminate waste

Aerobic Bacteria require oxygen & can make cavities!

Helpful in the intestines Harmful in other parts of the body Anaerobic Bacteria live without oxygen, in our intestines & may be in polluted waters E. Coli from human feces Helpful in the intestines Harmful in other parts of the body

Classified by shape, size, staining, environment, & color Cynobacteria & Salmonella Autotroph Bacteria Flagellated Bacteria

Spiral or spirilli) Spirochete Bacteria Round = Coccus and Rod = Bacillus

Review… How can we classify bacteria? Name at least 3. Shape, cell wall composition (lipids or carb), movement, how they obtain energy, O2 requirements What color does gram + bacteria stains? Purple What color does gram - bacteria stains? What is the main component of the cell wall in gram + bacteria? Pink Carbs What is the main component of the cell wall in gram - bacteria? Lipids

Bacteria Structure: Pili – helps bacteria STICK to surfaces Capsule – DISGUISES bacteria so immune system can’t easily detect Endospore – thick INTERNAL WALL that encloses the DNA -Some bacteria can form endospores that allow them to wait out harsh environmental conditions. *Method of survival*

Objectives: By the end of this lesson you will be able to identify: How bacteria reproduce? What are the ecological roles of bacteria? How to treat and control bacterial growth?

BACTERIAL Reproduction Binary fission – bacteria grows, replicates DNA, and divides; produces 2 identical daughter cells (asexual) Conjugation – hollow bridge forms between 2 cells, exchange DNA then split; (sexual) – diversifies population Cool Characteristics of Bacteria- TRANSFORMATION- bacteria incorporate genes from dead bacteria. TRANSDUCTION - viruses insert new genes into bacterial cells. This method is used in biotechnology.

Many organisms form spores:

Ecological Roles HELPFUL HARMFUL decomposers nitrogen fixation denitrification photosynthesis – produces oxygen human uses – food products, digest petroleum, remove waste/poisons from H2O, synthesize drugs, as heat-stable enzymes pathogens – cause disease by breaking down tissue or release toxins BACTERIAL DISEASES Strep throat Syphilis Tuberculosis Lyme disease Typhoid fever Pneumonia Tetanus Gonorrhea

Bacilli Tuberculosis Bacteria:

Tuberculosis: Bacterial infection

Nitrogen wastes are excreted & cycled by bacteria Nitrogen in Plant & animal protein Ammonia nitrogen Is excreted in urine Bacteria convert Ammonia to usable Nitrate fertilizer

Making cheese & yogurt with bacteria

Treatment Antibiotics – destroy bacterial cells inhibits cell wall growth or protein synthesis Vaccine (prevention)

Controlling Bacteria Sterilization – kill bacteria by heat or chemical action Joseph Lister created the first antiseptic, an acid to spray on tables and instruments before surgery (1860). Refrigeration – bacteria grows at a slow rate in cold temperatures

Strep bacteria of Rheumatic Fever

Life on Mars?

NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. This meteorite was probably blasted off of the surface of the planet Mars about 16 million years ago by an impact with an asteroid and travelled through space to the earth, where it landed on Antarctica about 13,000 years ago. Some scientists believe that the rod-shaped structures across the top and center of this image may be tiny fossilized bacteria. Many other scientists believe that the structures were formed by processes other than life. NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. "Martian Meteorite ALH84001," Microsoft® Encarta® Encyclopedia 2000. © 1993-1999 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Bacteria cultures: Inoculate = to place Agar = culture medium (nutrients) One colony (circle)= billions of bacteria A colony begins from one bacterium Incubate at 37oC= body temperature DO NOT OPEN THE PLATES AFTER INCUBATION!

Genetic Engineering of Insulin

Restriction Enzymes:Made by some Bacteria