استناد به چه معناست و شیوه های استناد کدام اند؟

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استناد به چه معناست و شیوه های استناد کدام اند؟ تهیه کننده: نیلوفر برهمند کارشناس ارشد کتابداری دانشکده داروسازی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شیراز 9/19/2018

نگارش هر اثر علمي مستلزم مطالعه و بررسي آثار مرتبط است نگارش هر اثر علمي مستلزم مطالعه و بررسي آثار مرتبط است. ارجاع به منابع مورد استفاده در شكل گيري اثر، هم باعث اعتبار بخشي به اثر تاليفي يا تحقيقي مي شود و هم جلوه اي از امانت داري مولف را به نمايش مي گذارد. فهرست منابع مورد استناد، راهكار مناسبي براي هدايت مخاطبان به سرچشمه اصلي انديشه ها، يافته ها و داده هاي ارائه شده در متن است. 9/19/2018

فهرست منابع و مآخذ (Reference List) : استناد (Citation) : ارجاعات يك نويسنده به آثار پيشين مرتبط با موضوع نوشته اش، استناد ناميده مي شود. فهرست منابع و مآخذ (Reference List) : فهرستي منظم از آثار مورد استناد قرار گرفته در متن كه در آخر اثر آورده مي شوند. كتابشناسي (Bibliography) : فهرست كامل تمام مطالب مرتبط با اثر است كه ممكن است برخي از آن ها در متن مستقيما مورد ارجاع قرار نگرفته باشند. اين فهرست در آخر اثر آورده مي شود. 9/19/2018

شناسايي روش پژوهش، ابزارها و جز آن ارائه زمينه هاي مطالعاتي عمده ترين دلايل استناد شناسايي روش پژوهش، ابزارها و جز آن ارائه زمينه هاي مطالعاتي هدايت مخاطبان به آثار مرتبط اصلاح اثر خود نقد آثار پيشين اثبات ادعا آگاه سازي محققان از آثار در دست انتشار 9/19/2018

شيوه هاي استناد ضروري است كه استناد ها به شيوه اي منظم و استاندارد كه شيوه استنادBibliographic Styles) ) ناميده مي شوند مرتب گردند. شيوه هاي استناد رويكرد هاي استانداردي براي استناد به منابعي هستند كه مولف در تدوين اثر خود از آن ها بهره گرفته است. اين شيوه ها راهكارهايي را براي استناد به منابع در داخل متن و همين طور فهرست منابع و مآخذ ارائه مي دهند. شیوه های استناد قوانینی برای حروف چینی، املاء، استفاده از حروف درشت و کوچک، نقطه گذاری و مواردی از این دست می باشند. 9/19/2018

انواع شيوه هاي استناد: جامع ترين روش تقسيم بندي شيوه هاي استناد توسط حري ارائه شده است. وي شيوه هاي استناد را به دو گروه درون متني و برون متني تقسيم بندي مي كند. استناد برون متني: در اين شيوه سند مورد ارجاع در جايي خارج از متن اعم از پايين صفحه، پايان فصل يا انتهاي متن درج مي شود و در متن تنها نشانه و نمادي كه معمولا عدد است سند مورد نظر را مشخص مي كند. شيوه هاي استناد شيكاگو و ونكور در اين گروه قرار مي گيرند. 9/19/2018

مثال استناد برون متني: Pharmaceutical Research A number of active pharmaceutical ingredients in the drug development pipelines are prepared in the amorphous state in light of their poor aqueous solubility (1). In addition, many pharmaceutical excipients exist in the amorphous state, or are rendered amorphous in order to obtain the desired functionality (2). Since amorphous compounds are inherently less stable, both physically and chemically, than their crystalline counterparts, numerous investigations over the last decade expectedly focused on the stabilization of amorphous pharmaceuticals (3–5). References C. W. Pouton. Formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs for oral administration: physicochemical and physiological issues and the lipid formulation classification system. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 29:278–287 (2006). doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2006.04.016. 2. W. Wang. Instability, stabilization and formulation of liquid protein pharmaceuticals. Int. J. Pharm. 185:129–188 (1999). doi: 8-5173(99)00152-0. 3. L. Yu. Amorphous pharmaceutical solids: preparation, characterization and stabilization. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 48:27–42 (2001). doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00098-9. 4. B. C. Hancock, and G. Zografi. Characteristics and significance of the amorphous state in pharmaceutical systems. J. Pharm. Sci. 86:1–12 (1997). doi:10.1021/js9601896. 5. D. Q. M. Craig, P. G. Royall, V. L. Kett, and M. L. Hopton. The relevance of the amorphous state to pharmaceutical dosage forms: glassy drugs and freeze-dried systems. Int. J. Pharm. 179:179– 207 (1999). doi:10.1016/S0378-5173(98)00338-X. 9/19/2018

استناد درون متني: در اين شيوه مشخصات كوتاهي از مآخذ پس از نقل مطلب در متن، ارائه مي شود. شيوه هاي استناد انجمن روانشناسي آمريكا ( اي پي اي) و شيوه انجمن زبان مدرن آمريكا (ام ال اي) جزء اين دسته قرار مي گيرند. 9/19/2018

International Journal of pharmaceutics مثال استناد درون متني: International Journal of pharmaceutics Non-traditional methods of insulin delivery like insulin pumps, insulin inhalers and insulin pens have obvious advantages over traditional methods of delivery (Patni et al., 2006). Another promising non-traditional alternative is the delivery of insulin through skin. However, human skin provides a very efficient transport barrier ([Monteiro-Riviere, 1991] and [Monteiro-Riviere, 1996]) to delivery of protein molecules like insulin, due to their large size (>3000 Da) and weakly hydrophobic nature. Several physical and chemical methods have been developed to improve the permeation of insulin through human skin ([Scheuplein and Blank, 1973], [Pillai and Panchagnula, 2003a], [Rastogi and Singh, 2003] and [Pillai et al., 2004b]). Currently, the most efficient method in enhancing insulin permeation through skin is iontophoresis (Pillai and Panchagnula, 2003a). However, the economic viability and ease of applicability of chemical approaches, such as the use of chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs), makes them an attractive alternative. References Monteiro-Riviere, 1991 N.A. Monteiro-Riviere, Comparative anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of mammalian skin. In: D.W. Hobson, Editor, Dermal and Ocular Toxicology: Fundamentals and Methods (1st ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1991). Monteiro-Riviere, 1996 N.A. Monteiro-Riviere, Anatomical factors affecting barrier function. In: F.N. Marzulli and H.I. Maibach, Editors, Dermatotoxicology (1st ed.), Taylor & Francis, Washington, DC (1996). Patni et al., 2006 P. Patni, D. Varghese, N. Balekar and D.K. Jain, Needle-free insulin drug delivery, Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 68 (2006), pp. 7–12. View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (0) 9/19/2018

نمونه هایی از متداول ترین شیوه های استناد شیوه نامه انجمن روانشناسی آمریکا: (APA: American Psychological Association) کاربرد: حوزه علوم اجتماعی، علوم رفتاری، تعلیم و تربیت، علوم پرستاری و بهداشت Website: http://www.apastyle.org/ 9/19/2018

Website: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html شیوه نامه ونکور کاربرد: حوزه علوم پزشکی شیوه نامه شیکاگو: کاربرد: ادبیات، تاریخ و هنر Website: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html 9/19/2018

مثال: APA: Rochester, M., & Nicholson, F. (1998). Management changes facing librarianship in Australia. Library Management, 19(5), 333–338. Vancouver: 1. Rochester M, Nicholson F. Management changes facing librarianship in Australia. Library Management. 1998;19(5):333–8. Chicago: Rochester, Maxine, and Fay Nicholson. "Management Changes Facing Librarianship in Australia." Library Management 19, no. 5 (1998): 333–38. 9/19/2018

منبع: حری عباس، شاهبداغی اعظم منبع: حری عباس، شاهبداغی اعظم. شیوه های استناد در نگارش های علمی: رهنمودهای بین المللی. تهران: دانشگاه تهران؛ 1387. 9/19/2018