Thermochemical Calculations

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Presentation transcript:

Thermochemical Calculations

Standards Students know energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and is absorbed when a material evaporates or melts. Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known values of specific heat and latent heat of phase change.

Units for Measuring Heat The Joule is the SI system unit for measuring heat: The calorie is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 Celsius degree

Specific Heat The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius.

Calculations Involving Specific Heat OR cp = Specific Heat Q = Heat lost or gained T = Temperature change m = Mass

Specific Heat The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of substance by one degree Celsius. Substance Specific Heat (J/g·K) Water (liquid) 4.18 Ethanol (liquid) 2.44 Water (solid) 2.06 Water (vapor) 1.87 Aluminum (solid) 0.897 Carbon (graphite,solid) 0.709 Iron (solid) 0.449 Copper (solid) 0.385 Mercury (liquid) 0.140 Lead (solid) 0.129 Gold (solid)

Latent Heat of Phase Change Molar Heat of Fusion The energy that must be absorbed in order to convert one mole of solid to liquid at its melting point. Molar Heat of Solidification The energy that must be removed in order to convert one mole of liquid to solid at its freezing point.

Latent Heat of Phase Change #2 Molar Heat of Vaporization The energy that must be absorbed in order to convert one mole of liquid to gas at its boiling point. Molar Heat of Condensation The energy that must be removed in order to convert one mole of gas to liquid at its condensation point.

Latent Heat – Sample Problem Problem: The molar heat of fusion of water is 6.009 kJ/mol. How much energy is needed to convert 60 grams of ice at 0C to liquid water at 0C? Mass of ice Molar Mass of water Heat of fusion

Heat of Solution The Heat of Solution is the amount of heat energy absorbed (endothermic) or released (exothermic) when a specific amount of solute dissolves in a solvent. Substance Heat of Solution (kJ/mol) NaOH -44.51 NH4NO3 +25.69 KNO3 +34.89 HCl -74.84