World History A – Chapter 16 Mrs. Krabill Age of Absolutism World History A – Chapter 16 Mrs. Krabill

Section One: Spanish Power Grows Focus Question: How did Philip II extend Spain’s power and help establish a golden age?

Charles V (aka: I) Ferdinand & Isabella’s grandson Ruler of Spanish colonies in Americas AND Hapsburg Empire Included the Holy Roman Empire AND the Netherlands! Constant warfare Religious conflict Abdicates throne Divides the empire between his brother & son

Philip II Charles V’s son Spain’s overseas empire Hardworking, devout, ambitious Absolute monarch: ruler with complete authority over the government and people Divine Right: Belief that his authority came from God Married four times to gain alliances…

Philip’s Marriages Maria Mary Tudor (Henry VIII’s sister) Alliance: Portugal Mary Tudor (Henry VIII’s sister) Alliance: England Elizabeth Valois Alliance: France Anna Alliance: Austria

Battles for power Battle of Lepanto 1571: Defeated Ottoman fleet in Greece. Significance: Showed strength; great victory Riots in 1560s against Inquisition (maintaining Catholic supremacy) in the Netherlands Significance: Protestant provinces declared independence

Next Target: England Queen Elizabeth I (Henry VIII’s daughter) Why? They are Protestant AND powerful! Elizabeth supported the Dutch against Spain Philip sends an armada (fleet) to invade England “The Spanish Armada” Overconfident The armada was taken over by English

Spain’s power declines Defeat of Spanish armada Economic problems Costly wars Neglected farming and business Taxes to small middle class Expelled Muslims and Jews– artisans Influx of American gold and silver– inflation

Spain’s “golden century” 1550-1650 Brilliance in art & literature El Greco – master of Spanish painting Miguel de Cervantes – brilliant writer Famous for Don Quixote

Section two: France under Louis XIV Focus Question: How did France become the leading power of Europe under the absolute rule of Louis XIV?

Religious conflict in France 1500s – France torn apart by religious wars Huguenots - French Protestants fought the Catholic majority St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre – complete breakdown of France

Henry IV Huguenot prince Inherited the throne in 1589 Fought Catholic opposition Converted to Catholicism 1598 – Edict of Nantes Religious tolerance Repaired France Improved infrastructure Revived agriculture

Cardinal Richelieu Henry IV killed – nine year old son, Louis XIII, takes over Louis appoints Cardinal Richelieu as chief minister Goal = strengthen gov’t Destroyed power of Huguenots and nobles Nobles worked for king

Louis XIV (fourteenth ) Became king at the age of five (issues with that?) Uprising – Fronde – everyone rebelled against noble power At 23, he begins an absolute monarchy Believed in “divine right” “The Sun King” Estates General did not meet between 1614 & 1789

Strengthening royal power Louis expanded bureaucracy Appointed tax collectors Build French army into the strongest in Europe Over 300,000 soldiers Jean Baptiste Colbert built up France’s finances Overseas colonies in North America France = wealthiest state in Europe

Versailles: Symbol of royal power Royal hunting lodge = palace Millions of flowers, trees, etc. Symbol of Sun King Court ceremonies Levee = rising ceremony Diamond buckled shoes! French nobles – descendants of feudal lords Threat to power – kept them in check Ballet becomes popular

Decline of France Louis XIV ruled for 72 years (what?!) Some decisions caused a decline after his rule: Waging wars ($$$) Balance of power with allies like Dutch and English Persecuting Huguenots Revoked Edict of Nantes More than 100,000 moved to other countries/Americas Blow to the French economy

Section three: Parliament triumphs in England Focus Question: How did the British Parliament assert its rights against royal claims to absolute power in the 1600s?

Tudors work with Parliament Different from France & Spain Henry VIII broke with Church and made monarch the head of the state and Church His daughter, Elizabeth I, consulted Parliament as well Elizabeth died in 1603 without an heir James Stuart takes over (James I)

Century of revolution begins Suppressed problems of Henry and Elizabeth James begins to take on “divine right” rather than consult Parliament Clashes over $$$ and foreign policy Clashed with Puritans and dissenters within the Church

Charles I Inherits the problems in 1625 Behaved like absolute monarch until…. He needs something! $$$  taxes Parliament makes him sign the Petition of Right in 1628 Dissolves them a year later Ruled absolutely for 11 years until… Needs more money!

Long Parliament Respond to Charles with a revolt Lasted on and off until 1653 Greatest political revolution in British history Tried and executed Charles’ ministers He leads troops into Parliament, but they escape Civil war ensues

Civil War Lasted from 1642-1651 Cavaliers vs. Roundheads Cavs = Charles I supporters Rounds = Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell Roundheads prevail Parliament tries King Charles First execution of a monarch Message: Don’t mess with Parliament and try to rule absolutely! Result: Led to political change

Cromwell & the Commonwealth House of Commons abolishes the monarchy Establishes Church of England Declares England a Commonwealth under Cromwell Challenges for him Uprisings – Protestant/Catholic Levellers – poor should have equal say Puritan influence Sunday – religious observance Welcomed Jews back to England

Charles II Welcomed back from exile after Cromwell’s death in 1658 Ends “kingless decade” Monarchy restored Puritan ideas endured Valued education, morality, equality, and government Popular ruler – charming and witty Blended ruler: absolute monarchy, but respected Parliament

James II Charles’ brother – inherits throne in 1685 Openly Catholic (not good) Angered the people Fled to France Glorious Revolution – bloodless takeover Protestants William & Mary take over– James’ daughter and son-in-law

English Bill of Rights Superiority of Parliament over the monarchy Power of the purse No ruler could be Catholic Traditional rights of citizens No unusual punishment Trial by jury Toleration Act – religious freedoms to dissenters (all Protestant)

Government evolution Limited monarchy – legislative body limits powers John Locke – political thinker New political institutions Political parties A cabinet Office of Prime Minister Oligarchy – ruling power belongs to a few people

Writing assignment Closely read pg. 522 and 523 in your text. In at least 150 words (good paragraph), explain the following: What are the similarities between the forming English government and the government in the United States today? What did we take from them? What is still different? Why do you think we did not adopt the differences? Due tomorrow at the beginning of the period.