CH 18 part 2

Scientific Revolution According to Aristotle, everything on earth was reducible to four elements; sun, moon, planets, and stars. They were so light and pure that they floated in crystalline spheres and rotated around the earth in perfectly circular orbits. Copernican sun-centered model was initially criticized and suppressed by Protestant leaders and by the Catholic Church. Isaac Newton’s discovery of the law of gravity showed why planets move around the sun around the sun in elliptical orbits. Newton and other scientists did not believe that their discoveries were in conflict with religious belief.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473 - 1543) was a Polish Renaissance astronomer, priest and the first person to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology. His book is regarded as the starting point of modern astronomy which began the Scientific Revolution.

The essentials of the Copernican Solar System were: 1) The daily motion of the sun and stars is the result of the earth turning on its axis. 2) The sun lies at the center of the solar system. 3) All the planets orbit the sun in the same direction with the planets closer to the sun going around faster. 4) The shapes of the orbits are circles and that the planets move at constant speed. (same as Ptolemy)

Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include a 30 power telescope, consequent astronomical observations, and support for Copernicanism.

as well as several passages of Scripture. In 1633, After 1610, Galileo Galilei began publicly supporting heliocentrism and was denounced to the Roman Inquisition because it contradicted Aristotle’s model of the universe as well as several passages of Scripture. In 1633, he was sentenced to house arrest until he died.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643 – 1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and theologian who is considered to be one of the most influential people in human history. His book discusses classical mechanics, universal gravitation, and the three laws of motion. He helped prove heliocentrism and built the first practical reflecting telescope.

The Early Enlightenment Intellectual movement that assumed that social behavior and institutions were governed by scientific laws. Also influenced by Reformation and by accounts of other cultures. Most thinkers were optimistic that the application of reason would lead to human progress. Aroused opposition from many absolutist rulers and from clergy, but the printing press made possible the survival and dissemination of new ideas.

in the American Declaration of Independence. John Locke (1632 - 1704) was one of the most influential English Enlightenment philosophers. His social contract theory and contributions to classical republicanism are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence.

François-Marie Arouet (1694 - 1778), better known by the pen name, Voltaire, was a French Enlightenment writer, historian and philosopher. He advocated civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade.

Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679) was an English Enlightenment philosopher who established the foundation for most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory.

Montesquieu (1689 -1755), was a French Enlightenment social commentator and political thinker who was famous for his articulation of the theory of separation of powers, taken for granted in modern discussions of government and implemented in many constitutions throughout the world.

Political Innovations State Development Between 1516 - 1519 Charles of Burgundy inherited the thrones of Castile and Aragon, with their colonial empires, the Austrian Habsburg possessions, and position of Holy Roman Emperor. Able to form coalition that defeated Ottomans at gates of Vienna. Lutheran German princes rebelled against French-speaking Catholic Charles, seized church lands and gave rise to German Wars of Religion. Charles abdicated the throne and his son Phillip received Spain and a weakened Holy Roman Empire went to his brother Ferdinand. Rulers of Spain, England, and France began to pursue own efforts at political unification.

Charles V (1500 – 1558) was from the Habsburg family in Austria Charles V (1500 – 1558) was from the Habsburg family in Austria. He became the Holy Roman Emperor, inherited the Spanish throne, halted the Ottoman Empire’s advance into Europe, and is best known for his strong opposition of the Protestant Reformation.

Charles V territorial empire from 1519 - 1556.

Philip II (1527 – 1598) became the King of Spain when his father, Charles V, abdicated and retired to a monastery. He used the Spanish Inquisition to hunt down anyone who was not Catholic (Jews, Muslims, Protestants, and his critics).

Religious Policies Rulers of Spain and France defended Catholicism from Protestant Challenge. Henry VIII challenged papal authority and declared himself the head of the Church of England because the pope would not grant him a divorce from Catherine of Aragon.

Monarchies in England and France Conflict between Parliament and Charles I led to a civil war and the establishment of a Puritan republic under Oliver Cromwell. After the Stuart line was restored Parliament enforced its will on the Monarch with the Glorious Revolution when William and Mary had to sign the Bill of Rights which limited the power of the crown. In France the Bourbon Kings were able to circumvent the Estates General and develop an absolutist style of government. Louis XIV’s finance minister, Colbert was able to increase revenue through more efficient tax collection and promote economic growth while Louis entertained and controlled the nobility at his court at Versailles.

Louis XIV’s palace at Versailles symbolized the French monarch’s triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility, clergy, and towns.

Niccolò Machiavelli (1469 - 1527) was an Italian philosopher and writer. He is one of the main founders of modern political science and is most famous for his book, The Prince. He urged rulers to achieve obedience by fear and deception.

John Locke (1632 - 1704) disputed monarchial claims to absolute authority by divine right. He argued that rulers derived their authority from the consent of the governed and, like everyone else, were subject to the law.

Warfare and Diplomacy Military revolution in which cannon, muskets, and commoner foot soldiers became the mainstays of European armies. Europeans devised new command structures, signal techniques, and marching drills. Ships became more deadly with multiple tiers of cannon and four-wheel cannon carriages.

England took the lead in naval development and this was demonstrated when the Royal Navy defeated the Spanish Armada which signaled an end to Spain’s military dominance in Europe. France rose as the strongest continental power while England maintained superior naval power. During the Spanish War of Succession England, allied with Austria and Prussia were able to prevent the French house of Bourbon from taking the Spanish throne. With the emergence of Russia after the Great Northern War the four powers of Europe; France, Britain, Austria, and Russia were able to maintain a balance of power.

Spanish galleons were slower than caravels but it had superior firepower.

Spanish Armada was King Philip’s failed attempt to invade England in 1588. A storm and superior English tactics led to the defeat.

Route of the Armada.

War of the Spanish Succession War of the Spanish Succession. The great British victories in this war were in the Spanish Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire and they established Britain as a great power.

Paying the Piper To pay heavy costs of war European monarchs made profitable alliances with commercial elites. Netherlands became a commercial power after wrestling autonomy from Spain. Spain damaged economy by kicking out Jews, Protestants, and descendants of Muslims. England used naval dominance to break Dutch trade power and improved its financial position by collecting taxes directly and creating a central bank. France used streamlined tax collection, used protective tariffs to promote domestic industries, and improved its transportation network, but were not able to tax nobles or secure low cost loans.

Trade thrives when government taxation and regulation were not excessive, where courts enforced contracts and collected debts, and where military power stood ready to protect overseas expansion by force when necessary.

CH 18: Make a Persia-themed, changes chart Politics – France – & how did it get that way? Austria-Hungary- England- Why? Economy Include something Luther did and & what is the commercial rev. *Religion (how did the Catholic Church respond?) New challenges in Church Authority (Scientific Revolution) Social (Include how religion and commerce effected) & New ideas from Scientific Revolution *Interactions (wars of religion) France- H.R.E-