The Oath of Supremacy I, __________, do utterly testify and declare in my conscience that the queen's highness is the only supreme governor of this realm and of all other her highness's dominions and countries, as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes as temporal, and that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence, or authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within this realm; and therefore I do utterly renounce and forsake all foreign jurisdictions, powers, superiorities, and authorities, and do promise that from henceforth I shall bear faith and true allegiance to the queen's highness, her heirs, and lawful successors, and to my power shall assist and defend all jurisdictions, pre-eminences, privileges, and authorities granted or belonging to the queen's highness, her heirs, and successors, or united or annexed to the imperial crown of this realm: so help me God and by the contents of this Book.

What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. From 1558 to 1570 : Elizabeth's government took few measures against Catholic gentry. But every Member of Parliament had to swear the Oath of Supremacy (recognizing Elizabeth as Governor of the Church of England and denying papal jurisdiction). Bu doing this Elizabeth was able to exclude scrupulous Catholics from influence. Just as there was a Protestant Reformation, so there was a Catholic Counter-Reformation. Between 1545 and 1563, the Council of Trent responded to the Protestant challenge by reforming the Catholic Church of abuses and defining Roman Catholic doctrine with new clarity. It denounced all the Protestant "heresies" and set about training a new generation of priests to obliterate them. England was one of the main targets of "missionary" priests.

What were they able to do? What problems did they face? What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. P.115-117 What was a Jesuit? What work did they do? What were they able to do? What problems did they face? How big a threat were different English Catholics to Elizabeth? Look at the information on the sheet about each group – out of 5, how serious a threat was each group?

Success of the Missionary Priests, Seminary Priests and Jesuits What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. Success of the Missionary Priests, Seminary Priests and Jesuits Bossy Haigh

What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. Bossy Haigh English Catholicism continued throughout Elizabeth’s reign. Marian clergy were generally effective in forging links with missionary priests and serving the needs of the laity (until its members started dying out and pressure for conformity grew). Evidence: Govt reaction in the first place indicates a large threat was believed to exist. Penal Laws stopped what was a real threat – examples: Catholicism withered relatively quickly following the accession of Elizabeth. Catholicism saw a resurgence due to the work of the Missionary Priests and Jesuits. Marian clergy were ineffective and priests only served the gentry households who increasingly withdrew from wider society. Evidence: Actions of Missionary Priests and Jesuits were a reason Catholicism did not spread. Wrong place, wrong time Appellants Vs. Jesuits Govt reactions and penal laws stopped the Missionary priests further. Examples:

1560s What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. 1560s 1560s: William Allen, Oxford don ejected from post and left for Paris to establish a seminary in France (Douai) to train English Catholic Priests Ignatius Loyola – founder of the Society of Jesus . In addition to the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience taken by all priests, Jesuits took a fourth vow of complete obedience to the pope.

What was the government doing while the Jesuits were preparing? What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. What was the government doing while the Jesuits were preparing? 1558-68 Bloody question: What would you do if the Pope were to send over an army and declare that his only object was to bring the kingdom back to its Catholic allegiance; For whom would you fight, the Pope or the Queen? ‘The Catholics posed a true and real threat to Elizabeth throughout her reign’ How far do you agree with this statement?

1570s: Missionary Priests What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. 1570s: Missionary Priests Prominent Missionary Priests sent to England by the Vatican from 1574 Edmund Campion was saintly and persuasive. He travelled around England, staying with Roman Catholic families, preaching sermons and publishing attacks on Protestant ideas on a secret press. In 1581, he was captured, tortured, and executed. Robert Parsons was less saintly than Edmund Campion, but more effective. He had been an Oxford don, but left for the Continent in 1574 and became a Jesuit. He returned briefly to England in 1580 with Campion, but then went to Spain, where he spent his time trying to persuade Philip II to invade England and restore Catholicism.

1580s: Seminary Priests and Jesuits What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. 1580s: Seminary Priests and Jesuits Robert Southwell An English Jesuit who used equivocation when talking with Protestants, thereby retaining religious conscience but also not incriminating himself. Cardinal William Allen was given the task of restoring England to Catholicism if the Spanish invasion succeeded and he published an Admonition to the English encouraging them to revolt against the "deposed" "bastard" Elizabeth. However, the Elizabethan government cautiously disarmed Catholic gentlemen and imprisoned many of them at the time of the Spanish Armada, and the Spanish army never actually landed. Consequently, there was never a point when a Catholic uprising would have stood any real chance of success.

Who caught them? What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. Who caught them? Richard Topcliffe: He was one of the chief seekers of priests, showing particular relish in his use of his own personal portable rack. Priests when caught suffered a traitors death. Topcliffe’s ‘Bloody’ question: What would you do if the Pope were to send over an army and declare that his only object was to bring the kingdom back to its Catholic allegiance; For whom would you fight, the Pope or the Queen?

1588-1603 What threat did Catholics pose? * To describe and explain the work and impact of Missionary and Seminary Priests, and Jesuits. * To begin to assess the government reaction to the M and S Priests and Jesuits. The Jesuits continued to work for regime change in England. 1588-1603 1590: To lessen the Catholic threat, Elizabeth's government also tried tactics of "divide and rule". In 1590, a dispute developed between Jesuits and other priests imprisoned at Wisbech in Cambridgeshire, over who (the Jesuits or a Bishop appointed for the purpose) should control the mission to England. The quarrel soon spread throughout the English priesthood. Richard Bancroft helped the group of priests who opposed Jesuit control (known as the Appellants) - even arranging to have their pamphlets printed. In 1594, Parsons (under the pseudonym Doleman) published A Conference about the next succession, which argued that the people of England had the right to choose their monarch, and that on Elizabeth's death, Parliament should appoint Philip II's daughter - not the Protestant James VI. Naturally, this alienated James VI who was eager to succeed to the English throne, and who had the best claim to do so. This did not happen, nor did it receive much support in England. In 1603, 13 leading Appellants made a Protestation, repudiating the political ideas of the Jesuits. This was a real propaganda coup for the English government.