Beginnings of English Colonization of America Ms. Yurky American History 8

III – New England

Henry VII (reign 1485 – 1507) Ended war of Roses (took throne by force from Richard III) England was at peace with both Spain and Portugal Henry sent explorers to the north, searched for the “northwest passage”

English Exploration 1497 John Cabot

Henry VII Henry had four children who survived infancy Marriages strengthen nation’s position Arthur died before father Name Birth Death Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales 19 September 1486 2 April 1502 Married daughter of King of Spain Margaret Tudor 28 November 1489 18 October 1541 Married king of Scotland Henry VIII 28 June 1491 28 January 1547 Married …. Elizabeth Tudor 2 July 1492 14 September 1495 Mary Tudor 18 March 1496 25 June 1533 Married future King of France Edward Tudor 1498 1499 Edmund Tudor 21 February 1499 19 June 1500 Katherine Tudor 2 February 1503 10 February 1503

Henry VIII Ruled England from 1509-1547 After the death of his father, Henry became King of England (18yrs old) Had trained to be priest, till brother passed Continued to stregthen England

Henry VIII – Defender of the Faith Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation Henry denounced him England remained loyal to the Catholic Church

Henry VIII

Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536) Youngest child of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella Married Arthur (engaged at age 3; married 15/16; died 6 months ) Married Henry VIII (18/23) Ruled in his absence Very popular Queen Four children died daughter Mary

Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536) Henry wanted to end marriage Pope Clement upheld original Papal Bull which allowed Henry and Catherine to be married Henry splits from Catholic Church; creates the Church of England D I V O R C E D

Anne Boleyn (1502-1536) B E H E A D E D Henry became dedicated to marrying Anne, while married to Catherine (42/31) After marriage, Henry grew displeased Had a daughter, Elizabeth Second pregnancy, stillborn son B E H E A D E D

Jane Seymour (1515-1537) Henry married her immediately after Anne’s death (45/20) Had a son, Edward She died 12 days after the birth of her son from poor diet and a cold Henry mourned for 3 years D I E D Tried to repair relationship with daughter Mary, but Mary refused to admit her parents marriage was invalid and to denounce Catholic Church)

Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) D I V O R C E D Henry, desperate to have a son, married Anne without having met her. (49/25) He was told she was young and beautiful They had nothing in common, and she couldn’t speak English. Parted as friends Had Cromwell executed for arranging it D I V O R C E D Anne’s brother had been a marriage prospect for Mary

Katherine Howard (1520-1542) B E H E A D E D Henry wanted another son Had been married before (49/20) Had no children Cheated on him Was cousin of Anne Boleyn Was cousin of Henry’s illegitimate son’s, (Henry FitzRoy) wife Mary B E H E A D E D

Catherine Paar (1512-1548) D I E D Married twice before (52/31) Convinced Henry to “legitimize” Mary and Elizabeth After Henry’s death married Thomas Seymour (Jane’s brother) Thomas probably poisoned her, because he wanted to marry Elizabeth D I E D

Edward King at age 9 Uncle Edward Seymour was regent Died at 15 Lady Jane Grey incident

Mary I Daughter of Catherine of Aragon As Queen, marries Phillip (Phillip was son of her cousin Charles) Ruled for 6 years No children of her own At time of her death, she thought she was pregnant, named her husband (Philip of Spain) as regent

Elizabeth I After 11 years of struggle, Elizabeth becomes Queen. Continues her father’s plan to strengthen the country Frustrated with lack of a successful colony

Early Attempts to Colonize Sir Walter Raleigh tries 3 times to colonize North Carolina Cabot sails to North America; claims Canada 1 4 9 5 2 3 6 7 8 Sir Humphrey Gilbert tries twice to colonize Newfoundland

Sea Dogs Elizabeth covertly aids the “sea dogs” like Francis Drake and Guy Hawkins Angers king of Spain (Philip) whose ships are being attacked

Philip II As a prince, had been married to Mary Angry at England originally, his dad was going to marry her (5 / 21) offered to marry Elizabeth when Mary died Angry at England Henry’s divorce of his great-aunt, Catherine Split with Catholic church Attack of his ships Execution of Mary; Queen of Scots (Catholic cousin of Elizabeth)

Philip II of Spain (1527 – 1598) As prince, married first cousin Maria Manuela 1543 Daughter of Joanna (the mad) One son, Maria died 1545 at 17 Married his first cousin (once removed) Mary Tudor 1554 Becomes King of England at time of marriage Becomes King of Spain 1556 No children, Mary died 1558 Married Elisabeth of Valois 1559 Two daughters, Elisabeth dies 1568 at age 23 Marries his niece (his sister’s daughter) 1570 A son, she died in 1580 at age 30

Francis Drake known as El Draque by Spanish Philip demands he be executed for piracy King Philip II offered a reward of 20,000 ducats (US$6.5M)

Elizabeth knights Drake to reward him for his efforts. Philip enraged

Spanish Armada Philip decides to attack England The Spanish Armada was the best navy in the world Philip didn’t keep it a secret

Spanish Armada Spain's Lord High Admiral Santa Cruz died in 1586. The admiral chosen to replace him was a very rich and successful general called the Duke of Medina Sidonia. Though a good general, Medina Sidonia had never been to sea before and when he did get on board his ship, he got seasick. 

Spanish Armada In 1587, Drake attacked Cadiz harbor and destroyed or damaged a number of ships that were being prepared by the Spanish for the Armada

Spanish Armada The stores put on board the new ships rotted as the barrels that contained the food and water were made of new wood which was still damp. This rotted the food and made the water sour.

Spanish Armada Philip sends his navy, the Armada, to attack England in 1588

Spanish Armada 130 Spanish ships with 30,000 troops sent

Spanish Armada The fleet sailed in a crescent shape. The larger but slower galleons were in the middle of the crescent and they were protected by faster but smaller boats surrounding them. Smaller ships known as zabras and pataches supplied the galleons.

Spanish Armada The English developed a way to inform London that the Armada was coming. Beacons were lit along the coast. As soon as one beacon was seen, the next further along the coast was lit. At Beachy Head in Sussex, they went inland towards London.

Spanish Armada When Drake was informed of the Armada's approach, he replied that he had time to finish the game of bowls he was playing on Plymouth Hoe and time to defeat the Armada He probably knew the tide was against him and wouldn’t let him sail , but the boast made him seem confident

Spanish Armada Drake and his men did very little damage to the Armada as it passed up the English Channel Only two galleons were damaged English wasted a lot of ammunition

Spanish Armada The plan was to get to the Spanish Netherlands, pick up Spanish soldiers who were stationed there and invade England's south coast.

Spanish Armada The Armada couldn’t get close to the shore, because there was no deep port, so they had to wait for rest of Spanish troops to join them At Gravelines bad weather caused a delay,

Spanish Armada Drake (and Giambelli) came up with a plan Eight old ships were loaded up with anything that could burn well. These floating bombs were set to drift during the night into the resting Armada.

Spanish Armada The Armada was a fully armed fleet. Each ship was carrying gunpowder and the ships were made of wood with canvas sails. If they caught fire, each ship would not have a chance.

Spanish Armada Knowing about "Hell Burners", the Spanish put lookouts on each boat. each ship of the Armada attempted to break out of Gravelines to save itself

Spanish Armada Only one ship was lost, but the crescent shape was gone, leaving the fleet vulnerable to attack

Spanish Armada The English attacked but they were bravely fought off by the Spanish. Four Spanish galleons stood their ground and fought Drake. (They were outnumbered ten to one. ) Three of these galleons were sunk and 600 men were killed and 800 wounded.

Spanish Armada But they had stopped the English from attacking the rest of the Armada and worsening weather also helped the Armada to escape. Medina Sidonia later wrote that the Armada was "saved by the weather, by God's mercy..."

Spanish Armada The English fleet blocked off any chance the Armada had of going back down the English Channel. When the Armada reassembled into a fleet, it could only go up the east coast of England and then around the north of Scotland

Spanish Armada The supplies on board were not enough for such a journey and many of the crews were reduced to eating rope, and fresh water quickly disappeared As the Armada sailed around the north of Scotland in mid-September, it hit a one of the worst storms in history which damaged many ships.

Spanish Armada Only 67 ships out of 130 returned to Spain – a loss rate of nearly 50%. Over 20,000 Spanish sailors and soldiers were killed. Throughout the whole campaign, the English lost no ships and only 100 men in battle

Defeat of the Armada 1588 The British defeat of the Spanish Armada becomes a turning point for colonization for England England’s confidence is boosted

English Colonization Following the defeat of the Armada, England becomes committed to establishing a colony in America; finding success with the Jamestown colony