1812-1814/15 (and the resulting Upsurge in Nationalism) The War of 1812 1812-1814/15 (and the resulting Upsurge in Nationalism)

The War of 1812 Initially unclear aims Nation not united Americans want to invade Canada It doesn’t work Largely disastrous

1812, the Movie

War at Sea USS Constitution Victory on the Great Lakes Oliver Hazard Perry and the USS Lawrence The whole thing was a lot better on the water than on the land

The British Invasion By the summer of 1814, the war had pretty much stagnated To force a quick end, the English invaded near Washington DC Burned the White House down Attempted to take Fort McHenry, near Baltimore

Canadian View

Stalemate In a sense, then, the war of 1812 was a bit of a dud Neither side could gain a definitive advantage Federalists met in Hartford, CT (the Hartford Convention) to discuss their issues with the war This later led to the death of the federalist party for their supposed treasons Treaty of Ghent finally ends the war in December 1814

BUT… This is before the days of telephones, Twitter, the Internetz, or any sort of high-speed communication Ghent is in Belgium New Orleans is far way General Andrew Jackson did not receive the message prior to the battle of New Orleans in January 1815

Battle of New Orleans

Impact of the War About 6,000 American dead Globally unimportant, but quite significant for the US Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison became war heroes American nationalism re- appears for the first time since 1776

Examples of Nationalism Re-charter of the Bank of the United States (1816) Protectionist Tariff (1816) Henry Clay’s American System (1824) Strong banking system Protective tariff Transportation network of roads and canals

Era of Good Feelings James Monroe won the election 1816… in a landslide Last time that the Federalists (who were seen as traitors after the Hartford Convention) ran a candidate Monroe did a whole goodwill tour and “everyone loved him”

Sectionalism!!! Panic of 1819 Westward expansion Slavery Overspeculation of Western lands Wildcat currency Bank of the United States forecloses on a bunch of farms Westward expansion Slavery

Missouri Compromise Missouri wanted to join the United States… as a slave state Slave states would outnumber free states by one Upsets the balance of power in the Senate Henry Clay negotiates a compromise Missouri enters as a slave state Maine breaks off from Massachusetts and becomes a free state (balancing out the states and senators) No further slavery north of the 36° 30’ (southern border of Missouri)

A Map

Landmark Legal Cases McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): reinforced federal power over states by preventing Maryland from taxing the profits of the Bank of the United States Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819): Restricted the ability of states to encroach upon contracts and charters (saved Dartmouth College, too) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): reinforced Congress’s authority to regulate interstate commerce

Federalist Lions John Marshall Daniel Webster

Adding Florida From 1816-18, Spain moved a lot of its soldiers out of Florida to put down revolutions in S. America Andrew Jackson thought that meant that he should invade Florida He did JQ Adams saved Spanish face with the “Florida Purchase Treaty” of 1819

Despots on the Doorstep The following monarchs were right on the edge of the American Frontier: Spain in Latin America England in Canada France in the Caribbean (and Bonaparte hadn’t exactly been a democratic guy) Russia in Alaska and the Pacific Northwest

Monroe Doctrine Written mostly by JQ Adams in 1823 Warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere Announced the end of both colonization and intervention Told the Europeans to keep their monarchies in the Old World

Summary The War of 1812, barring the Battle of New Orleans, was pretty much an unmitigated disaster However, the nationalism that came out of the war was a driving force for American expansion The United States began to lay the groundwork for expansion with the “American System,” Missouri Compromise, and Supreme Court decisions that strengthened the central government These also contributed to growing sectionalism