SPECIAL AIRBORNE OPERATIONS GROUND MARKED RELEASE SYSTEM (GMRS) 3/8/2017 SPECIAL AIRBORNE OPERATIONS GROUND MARKED RELEASE SYSTEM (GMRS) Primary Instructor: SSG Banning Assistant Instructor: SSG Roderick References: USASOC REG 350-2,Training TC 3-21.220, Static Line Parachuting Techniques and Training FM 3-21.38 Pathfinder Operations

3/8/2017 MOTIVATOR As a Jumpmaster, know the procedures to establish a drop zone and conduct duties as a Drop Zone Safety Officer (DZSO) or Drop Zone Support Team Leader (DZSTL) for Ground Marked Release System (GMRS) used by Special Operations Forces for Airborne Operations “ Because you’re always going to have someone on the Drop Zone”

ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES 3/8/2017 ENABLING LEARNING OBJECTIVES Action: Explain and list the characteristics of a Ground Marked Release System (GMRS) Condition: In a classroom environment, given an overview of a GMRS Airborne Operation Standard: Discuss the characteristics of a GMRS Airborne Operation IAW USASOC 350- 2, Chapter 9, paragraph 9-4 & TC 3-21.220 Chapter 22, paragraph 22-8.

3/8/2017 GMRS PURPOSE This procedure is used to covertly infiltrate a small unit into a denied area without the use of radio communications. It requires a trained reception party on the Drop Zone (DZ) to mark the Release Point (RP) with a specified ground marking. The purpose of a GMRS is to:   This procedure is utilized to covertly infiltrate a small unit into a denied area without the use of radio communications. It requires a trained reception party on the DZ to mark the RP with a specified ground marking

3/8/2017 GMRS REQUIREMENTS *Air Force Combat Control Teams (CCT) or Air Force Special Tactics Team (STT) are not required on the DZ No special aircrew or A/C requirements Must have visual conditions GMRS REQUIREMENTS CCT or STT are not required on the DZ No special aircrew or A/C requirements Must have visual conditions

3/8/2017 GMRS REQUIREMENTS The Airborne Commander must ensure the personnel conducting GMRS operations are SOF JM Course graduate, SF qualified, Pathfinder, or have been certified on GMRS procedures. GMRS REQUIREMENTS The Airborne Commander must ensure the personnel conducting GMRS operations are SF qualified or have been certified on GMRS procedures.

3/8/2017 GMRS REQUIREMENTS Air-to-ground commo is not necessary unless an administrative requirement between the DZSO/DZSTL and the A/C exists. This will be coordinated prior to the operation. GMRS REQUIREMENTS Air-to-ground communication is not necessary unless an administrative requirement between the DZSO/DZSTL and the A/C exists. This will be coordinated prior to the operation.

GMRS JUMPMASTER PROCEDURES 3/8/2017 GMRS JUMPMASTER PROCEDURES The Jumpmaster must spot the ground marking out of the left side of A/C If the A/C offset is more than 100 meters, the Jumpmaster will not exit the jumpers, even if the “green light” is on GMRS Jumpmaster Procedures The Jumpmaster must spot the ground marking out of the left side of A/C. If the A/C is not properly lined up , the Jumpmaster will not exit the jumpers, even if the “green light” is on. (1) Jumpmaster must spot the ground marking out of the left side of the A/C. If the A/C is not properly lined up (100 meters to the right of the stem); the Jumpmaster will not exit the jumpers even if the “green light” is turned on. (2) The Jumpmaster will estimate when the A/C is 10 seconds out from the RP, and give the command of “STAND-BY” to the first jumper.

GMRS JUMPMASTER PROCEDURES 3/8/2017 GMRS JUMPMASTER PROCEDURES The Jumpmaster controls the static lines of the jumpers on exit, and the Safety controls the Jumpmaster’s static line Procedures for jumping do not change for the jumper GMRS JUMPMASTER PROCEDURES (3) When conducting GMRS airborne operations, the Jumpmaster controls the static lines of the jumpers on exit, and the safety controls the static line of the Jumpmaster. This might be different from what you are used to if you are used to CARP jumps. We’ll go more in depth on this during PWAC class. (4) The aircrew navigator will illuminate the “green light” when the A/C is abeam the ground marking. If the conditions are safe the Jumpmaster may give the command “GO”. (5) Procedures for jumping do not change for the jumper.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The DZSO/DZSTL is responsible for computing the Release Point (RP) and placing the markers IAW the RP computations The RP is the exact point over which the first jumper is to exit from the A/C GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The DZSO/DZSTL is responsible for computing the Release Point (RP) and placing the markers IAW the RP computations. The RP is the exact point over which the first jumper is to exit from the A/C. Drop Zone Operations: (1) The DZSO/DZSTL is responsible for computing the RP and placing the ground markings IAW Release Point computations. (2) The RP is the exact point, over which the exit from the A/C is to be made. The RP marker is located in relation to the desired impact point (selected by the Airborne Commander) using a backward planning sequence. The RP is computed with 3 factors: Dispersion, Wind Drift, & Forward Throw

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The RP is computed using three factors: 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The RP is computed using three factors: - DISPERSION - is the length of the pattern formed by the impact of the jumpers - WIND DRIFT - is based on wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used - FORWARD THROW - is the horizontal distance the jumper or bundle will move from exit to parachute opening in the direction of flight GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The RP is computed using three factors: DISPERSION - is the length of the pattern formed by the impact of the jumpers. WIND DRIFT - is based on wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used. FORWARD THROW - is the horizontal distance the jumper or bundle will move from exit to parachute opening in the direction of flight.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Dispersion 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Dispersion The the length of the pattern formed by the impact of the jumpers. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS DISPERSION is the length of the pattern formed by the impact of the jumpers. This is the distance between where the first jumper should land and where the last jumper should land

EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS To find out if the DZ is long enough, use the distance formula: D = RT DISPERSION is the length of the pattern formed by the impact of the parachutists. The desired point of impact for the first parachutist depends on how the calculated dispersal pattern is fitted into the available DZ space. To find out if the DZ is long enough, use the formula D=RT. To find out how many jumpers can be released in a single pass over the known length of a DZ, use the formula T=D/R. D = Length of the DZ in meters or unknown dispersion pattern in meters of all jumpers exiting. R = (Rate) Speed of A/C in meters per second. (multiply A/C speed by constant .51) T = Time required for the drop or exit time in seconds. (1) Allow 1 second for each jumper to exit the A/C; do not include first jumper. (10 jumpers X 1 second – 1st jumper = 9 seconds) (2) Allow 3 seconds per bundle to exit A/C; do not include first bundle. (3 bundles X 3 seconds – 1st bundle = 6 seconds) (3) Personnel jumping T-10 parachutes may exit both doors simultaneously. The door with the most jumpers is used to calculate the time required. EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What length DZ would 9 jumpers require when jumping from an A/C flying at a drop speed of 120 knots? Step 1: Solve for R (120 knots X .51) = 61.2 meters per second. Step 2: Solve for T (9 jumpers X 1 second – 1st jumper) = 8 seconds. Step 3: Solve for D (61.2 meters per second X 8 seconds) = 489.6 meters. Always round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, D = 490 meters, the required DZ length. NOTE: For personnel drops, a 100-meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern (for a total of 200 meters). Therefore, D = 490 + 200 = 690 meters. (TC 3-21.220 pg 21-1 / FM 3-05.210 pg 3-15), USASOC Regulation 350-2 pg. 84 “Use this formula to see how much “DiRT” you will need”

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = Required length of the DZ in meters 3/8/2017 D = Length of the DZ in meters or unknown dispersion pattern in meters of all jumpers exiting.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Usable DZ – Usable DZ length, does not include the buffer Actual DZ- The Actual Usable length including the 200 meter buffer for jumpers Usable Drop Zone Dispersion pattern GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = Length of the DZ in meters or unknown dispersion pattern in meters of all jumpers exiting. 100 M Safety Factor 100 M Safety Factor

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS R = (Rate) Speed of A/C in meters per second. (multiply A/C speed by constant .51) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS R = (Rate) Speed of A/C in meters per second. (multiply A/C speed by constant .51)

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = Time required for the drop or exit time in seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = Time required for the drop or exit time in seconds.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Allow 1 second for each jumper to exit 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Allow 1 second for each jumper to exit Do not include the first jumper (10 jumpers X 1 second - 1st jumper = 9 seconds) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Allow 1 second for each jumper to exit; do not include the first jumper. (10 jumpers X 1 second - 1st jumper = 9 seconds)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Allow 3 seconds per bundle to exit 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Allow 3 seconds per bundle to exit Do not include first bundle (3 bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle = 6 seconds) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Allow 3 seconds per bundle to exit; do not include first bundle. (3 bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle = 6 seconds)

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Personnel jumping T-11 parachutes may exit both doors simultaneously The door with the most jumpers is used to calculate the time required GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Personnel jumping T-10 parachutes may exit both doors simultaneously. The door with the most jumpers is used to calculate the time required.

EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What length DZ would 9 jumpers require when jumping an aircraft flying at a drop speed of 120 knots? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What is the dispersion for 9 jumpers when jumping one door from an A/C flying at a drop speed of 120 knots? EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What length DZ would 9 jumpers require when jumping from an A/C flying at a drop speed of 120 knots? Step 1: Solve for R (120 knots X .51) = 61.2 meters per second. Step 2: Solve for T (9 jumpers X 1 second – 1st jumper) = 8 seconds. Step 3: Solve for D (61.2 meters per second X 8 seconds) = 489.6 meters. Always round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, D = 490 meters, the required DZ length. NOTE: For personnel drops, a 100-meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern (for a total of 200 meters). Therefore, D = 490 + 200 = 690 meters. ? Meters

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) Answer is expressed in meters per second. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 120 knots X .51 = 61.2 meters per second GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 120 knots X .51 = 61.2 meters per second.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (61.2) x T Step 2: Solve for T 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (61.2) x T Step 2: Solve for T No. of jumpers X 1 minus 1st jumper (9x1-1) Answer is expressed in seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for T (no. of jumpers X 1 second - 1st jumper)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (61.2) x T 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (61.2) x T Step 2: Solve for T (no. of jumpers X 1 second - 1st jumper) 9 jumpers X 1 second - 1st jumper = 8 seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for T (no. of jumpers X 1 second - 1st jumper) 9 jumpers X 1 second - 1st jumper = 8 seconds

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (61.2) x 8 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (61.2) x 8 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) Answer is expressed in meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 489.6 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 489.6 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 61.2 meters per second X 8 seconds = 489.6 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 61.2 meters per second X 8 seconds = 489.6 meters

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 489 Always round up to the nearest whole number D = 490 meters, the required dispersion length GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 489.6 meters Always round up to the nearest whole number for safety. D = 490 meters, the required dispersion length.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS For personnel drops, a 100 meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern for a total of 200 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS For personnel drops, a 100 meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern for a total of 200 meters.

DZ must be at least 690 Meters 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 490 + 200 = 690 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 490 + 200 = 690 meters DZ must be at least 690 Meters

EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Another D = RT Equation What length DZ would 4 bundles require when using a C-130 flying at optimum knots? (TC 3-21.220 Ch 21-2) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What is the dispersion for 4 bundles when using a C-130 at a drop speed of 130 knots? EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What length DZ would 4 jumpers require when jumping from an A/C flying at a drop speed of 120 knots? Step 1: Solve for R (130 knots X .51) = 66.3 meters per second. Step 2: Solve for T (4 jumpers X 3 seconds – 1st bundle) = 9 seconds. Step 3: Solve for D (66.3 meters per second X 9 seconds) = 596.7 meters. Always round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, D = 597 meters, the required DZ length. NOTE: For personnel drops, a 100-meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern (for a total of 200 meters). Therefore, D = 490 + 00 = 597 meters. ? Meters

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) Answer is expressed in meters per second. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 130 knots X .51 = 66.3 meters per second GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 130 knots X .51 = 66.3 meters per second.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x T Step 2: Solve for T 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x T Step 2: Solve for T Three seconds per bundle, first one doesn’t count. (4-1) x 3 Answer is expressed in seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for T (no. of bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x T 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x T Step 2: Solve for T (no. of bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle) 4 bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle = 9 seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for T (no. of bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle) 4 bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle = 9 seconds

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x 9 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x 9 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) Answer is expressed in meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x 9 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (66.3) x 9 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 66.3 meters per second X 9 seconds = 596.7 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 66.3 meters per second X 9 seconds = 596.7 meters

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 596.7 Always round up to the nearest whole number D = 597 meters, the required dispersion length GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 596.7 meters Always round up to the nearest whole number for safety. D = 597 meters, the required dispersion length.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS For personnel drops, a 100 meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern for a total of 200 meters (no personnel on this lift) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS For personnel drops, a 100 meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern for a total of 200 meters.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 597 + 00 = 597 meters 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 597 + 00 = 597 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 597 + 00 = 597 meters DZ must at least 597 Meters

EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Another D = RT Equation What length DZ would 9 jumpers and 2 bundles require when using a CH-47 flying at 90 knots? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What is the dispersion for 9 jumpers and 2 bundles when using a CH-47 flying at 90 knots? EXAMPLE: D = RT (DISTANCE FORMULA) What length DZ would 9 jumpers and 2 bundles require when using a CH-47 flying at 90 knots? Step 1: Solve for R (90 knots X .51) = 45.9 meters per second. Step 2: Solve for T (9 jumpers X 1 second + 2 Bundles X 3 seconds – 1st Bundle) = 12 seconds. Step 3: Solve for D (45.9 meters per second X 12 seconds) = 550.8 meters. Always round up to the nearest whole number. Therefore, D = 551 meters, the required DZ length. NOTE: For personnel drops, a 100-meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern (for a total of 200 meters). Therefore, D = 551 + 200 = 751 meters. ? Meters

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) Answer is expressed in meters per second. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = RT Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 90 knots X .51 = 45.9 meters per second GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for R (speed X .51) 90 knots X .51 = 45.9 meters per second.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (45.9) x T Step 2: Solve for T 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (45.9) x T Step 2: Solve for T No. of jumpers X 1 second plus no. of bundles X 3 seconds minus 1st bundle Answer is expressed in seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for T (no. of jumpers X 1 Second + no. of bundles X 3 seconds - 1st bundle)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (45.9) x T Step 2: Solve for T 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = (45.9) x T Step 2: Solve for T 2 Bundles (first does not count) X 3 seconds = (3) + 3 seconds between jumpers and bundles = (3) + 9 jumpers X 1 Second = (9) + = 15 seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for T (9 jumpers X 1 Second) + (2 Bundles X 3 seconds) - 1st bundle = 15 seconds

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 45.9 x 15 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 45.9 x 15 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) Answer is expressed in meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 45.9 x 15 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 45.9 x 15 Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 45.9 meters per second X 15 seconds = 688.5 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for D (R X T = D) 550.8 meters per second X 15 seconds = 688.5 meters

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 688.5 Always round up to the nearest whole number D = 689 meters, the required dispersion length GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 688.5 meters Always round up to the nearest whole number for safety. D = 689 meters, the required dispersion length.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 689 For personnel drops, a 100 meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern for a total of 200 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS For personnel drops, a 100 meter safety factor is added to each end of the computed ground dispersion pattern for a total of 200 meters.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 689 + 200 = 889 meters 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 689 + 200 = 889 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = 689 + 200 = 889 meters DZ must at least 889 Meters

Time Formula 3/8/2017 What if you know the length of the DZ and want to determine the amount of jumpers that can fit on it? Often you will already know the length of the drop zone, you can’t change that. The better question is how many jumpers can you fit on your DZ

EXAMPLE: T = D/R (TIME FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: T = D/R (TIME FORMULA) How many jumpers from a CH-47 can land on 750 ( actual DZ length with buffer) meter DZ on each pass with a drop speed of 90 knots? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: T = D/R (TIME FORMULA) How many jumpers from a CH-47 (drop speed of 90 knots) can land on 750 meter DZ each pass? EXAMPLE: T = D/R (TIME FORMULA) How many jumpers from a CH-47 (drop speed of 90 knots) can land on a 750-meter DZ each pass? Step 1: D = DZ length is 750 meters. When using the time formula, subtract the 100 meter safety factor from each end of the DZ length. The usable DZ length is 550 meters. Step 2: R = Airspeed is 46 meters per second (90 knots X .51 = 45.9; round up to 46). Step 3: T = 550 meters divided by 46 meters per second =11.9 seconds. Always round down to the nearest whole number. Therefore, T = 11 seconds, 11 seconds over DZ X 1 second per jumper + 1 jumper ( the 1st jumper exiting the A/C does not affect the number of seconds spent over the DZ) = 12 jumpers. Thus, 12 jumpers can land on the 550 meter DZ per pass. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 750 Meters

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = D/R 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = D/R Step 1: D = DZ length is 750 meters. (Remember to subtract 200 meters for the safety factor.) The usable DZ length is now 550 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: D = DZ length is 750 meters. ( Remember to subtract 200 meters for the safety factor.) The usable DZ length is now 550 meters. 100 M Safety Factor 100 M Safety Factor 550 Meters

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 550 / R Step 2: R (speed X .51, then round up) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 550 / R Step 2: R (speed X .51, then round up) 90 knots X .51 = 45.90 meters per second; round up to 46 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: R (speed X .51, then round up) 90 knots X .51 = 45.90 meters per second; round up to 46

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 550 / 46 Step 3: T = D divided by R 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 550 / 46 Step 3: T = D divided by R 550 meters divided by 46 meters per second = 11.9 seconds. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: T = D divided by R 550 meters divided by 46 meters per second = 11.9 seconds.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 11.9 seconds T = 11 seconds 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 11.9 seconds Always ROUND DOWN to the nearest whole number. T = 11 seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 11.9 seconds Always round down to the nearest whole number as a safety factor. T = 11 seconds

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS DZ 750 Meters 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 11 sec over DZ X 1 sec per jumper + 1 jumper (1st jumper in the door) = 12 jumpers. 12 jumpers can land on the DZ per pass. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 11 seconds over DZ X 1 second per jumper + 1 jumper (1st jumper in the door) = 12 jumpers. 12 jumpers can land on the DZ per pass. DZ 750 Meters

EXAMPLE: T = D/R (TIME FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Another T = D/R problem (TIME FORMULA) How many jumpers from a C-130 can land on 800 ( actual DZ length with buffer) meter DZ on each pass with a drop speed of 130 knots? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: T = D/R (TIME FORMULA) How many jumpers from a C-130 (drop speed of 130 knots) can land on a 800 meter DZ each pass? EXAMPLE: T = D/R (TIME FORMULA) How many jumpers from a C-130 (drop speed of 130 knots) can land on a 800-meter DZ each pass? Step 1: D = DZ length is 800 meters. When using the time formula you subtract the 200 meter safety factor, The usable DZ length is 600 meters. Step 2: R = Airspeed is 66.3 meters per second (130 knots X .51 = 66.3, round up to 64). Step 3: T = 600 meters divided by 64 meters per second =9.375 seconds. Always round down to the nearest whole number. Therefore, T = 9 seconds, 9 seconds over DZ X 1 second per jumper + 1 jumper ( the 1st jumper exiting the A/C does not affect the number of seconds spent over the DZ) = 10 jumpers. Thus, 10 jumpers can land on the 800 meter DZ per pass. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 800 Meters

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = D / R 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = D / R Step 1: D = DZ length is 800 meters. (Remember to subtract 100 meters from each end of the DZ for the safety factor) The usable DZ length is 600 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: D = DZ length is 800 meters. ( Remember to subtract 200 meters for the safety factor if there is personnel.) The usable DZ length remains 600 meters. 100 M Safety Factor 100 M Safety Factor 800 Meters

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 600 / R Step 2: R (speed X .51, then round up) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 600 / R Step 2: R (speed X .51, then round up) 130 knots X .51 = 66.30 meters per second; round up to 67 meters GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: R (speed X .51, then round up) 130 knots X .51 = 66.30 meters per second; round up to 67

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 600 / 67 Step 3: T = D divided by R 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 600 / 67 Step 3: T = D divided by R 600 meters divided by 67 meters per second = 8.95 seconds. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: T = D divided by R 800 meters divided by 67 meters per second = 8.95 seconds.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 8.95 seconds T = 8 seconds 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 8.95 seconds Always ROUND DOWN to the nearest whole number. T = 8 seconds GMRS DZ OPERATIONS T = 8.95 seconds Always round down to the nearest whole number as a safety factor. T = 9 seconds

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS DZ 800 Meters 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 8 sec over DZ X 1 sec per jumpers + 1 jumper (1st jumper in the door) = 9 jumpers. 9 jumpers can land on the DZ per pass. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 8 seconds over DZ X 1 second per jumper + 1 jumper (1st jumper in the door) = 9 jumpers. 9 jumpers can land on the DZ per pass. DZ 800 Meters

EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS WIND DRIFT GMRS DZ OPERATIONS WIND DRIFT is based on wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used. WIND DRIFT is based on the wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used. The wind velocity is measured with the DZSO’s/DZSTL’s anemometer for reading surface winds (if readings are in miles per hour, multiply by .86 to convert to knots) or with a PIBAL helium system to determine the Mean Effective Wind. The pilot balloon (PIBAL) helium system is more reliable than the anemometer, because it measures the constant wind speed average from drop altitude to the ground, where as, the anemometer only measures surface wind velocity only. Regardless of the method used to measure DZ winds, the Airborne Commander is responsible for ensuring winds on the DZ do not exceed 13 knots during static line jumps.             The formula used to compute the wind drift is D = KAV. K = Wind drift constant for type of parachute (3.0 for personnel, 1.5 for bundles/equipment). NOTE: When jumpers and bundles are on same drop, use the K factor for personnel. A = Drop altitude expressed in hundreds of feet (800 feet would be expressed as 8). V = Wind velocity in knots (either MEW or surface wind measurement). D = Wind induced parachute drift in meters. EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) An A/C is dropping personnel and bundles from 1250 ft. AGL with a surface wind of 10 knots. What is the calculated parachute drift using the D = KAV formula? Step 1: K = 3.0 (Personnel Constant) Step 2: A = 12.5 (1250 ft.) Step 3: V = 10 (10 knots) Step 4: D = 3.0 X 12.5 X 10 = 375 meters of drift. (Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number.) WIND DRIFT is based on wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used.

EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS METHODS OF DETERMINING WIND DRIFT D=KAV FORMULA WIND STREAM VECTOR COUNT GMRS DZ OPERATIONS WIND DRIFT is based on wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used. WIND DRIFT is based on the wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used. The wind velocity is measured with the DZSO’s/DZSTL’s anemometer for reading surface winds (if readings are in miles per hour, multiply by .86 to convert to knots) or with a PIBAL helium system to determine the Mean Effective Wind. The pilot balloon (PIBAL) helium system is more reliable than the anemometer, because it measures the constant wind speed average from drop altitude to the ground, where as, the anemometer only measures surface wind velocity only. Regardless of the method used to measure DZ winds, the Airborne Commander is responsible for ensuring winds on the DZ do not exceed 13 knots during static line jumps.             The formula used to compute the wind drift is D = KAV. K = Wind drift constant for type of parachute (3.0 for personnel, 1.5 for bundles/equipment). NOTE: When jumpers and bundles are on same drop, use the K factor for personnel. A = Drop altitude expressed in hundreds of feet (800 feet would be expressed as 8). V = Wind velocity in knots (either MEW or surface wind measurement). D = Wind induced parachute drift in meters. EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) An A/C is dropping personnel and bundles from 1250 ft. AGL with a surface wind of 10 knots. What is the calculated parachute drift using the D = KAV formula? Step 1: K = 3.0 (Personnel Constant) Step 2: A = 12.5 (1250 ft.) Step 3: V = 10 (10 knots) Step 4: D = 3.0 X 12.5 X 10 = 375 meters of drift. (Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number.)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS To compute wind drift, using the formula: D = KAV 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS To compute wind drift, using the formula: D = KAV GMRS DZ OPERATIONS To compute wind drift, use the formula: D = KAV

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV D = Wind induced parachute drift in meters. 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV D = Wind induced parachute drift in meters. GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D = Wind induced parachute drift in meters.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV K = Wind drift constant (K factor) for type of parachute. 3.0 for personnel 1.5 for bundles/HE/CDS FM 3-21.220 pg 21-3, USASOC Reg 350-2 pg. 85 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS K = Wind drift constant for type of parachute. 3.0 for personnel 1.5 for bundles/HE/CDS

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV A = Drop altitude expressed in hundreds of feet 800 feet would be expressed as 8 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS A = Drop altitude expressed in hundreds of feet. 800 ft. would be expressed as 8.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV V = Wind velocity in knots 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV V = Wind velocity in knots Either MEW or surface wind measurement GMRS DZ OPERATIONS V = Wind velocity in knots. Either MEW or surface wind measurement.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) An A/C is dropping personnel and bundles from 1250 ft. AGL with a MEW of 10 knots. What is the calculated parachute drift using the D = KAV formula? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) An A/C is dropping personnel and bundles from 1250 ft. AGL with a surface wind of 10 knots. What is the calculated parachute drift using the D = KAV formula? Step 1: K = 3.0 (Personnel Constant) Step 2: A = 12.5 (1250 ft.) Step 3: V = 10 (10 knots) Step 4: D = 3.0 X 12.5 X 10 = 375 meters of drift. (Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number.)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV K = 3.0 (Personnel Constant) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV Step 1: Solve for K K = 3.0 (Personnel Constant) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for K

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (3)AV Step 2: Solve for A = 12.5 (1250 ft.) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (3)AV Step 2: Solve for A = 12.5 (1250 ft.) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for A = 12.5 (1250 ft.)

Elevation Angle from Elevation Gun 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (3)(12.5)V Step 3: Solve for V PIBAL Flight Time Elevation Angle from Elevation Gun GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for V

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (3)(12.5)V Step 3: Solve for V = 10 (10 knots) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (3)(12.5)V Step 3: Solve for V = 10 (10 knots) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for V = 10 (10 knots)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (3)(12.5)(10) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (3)(12.5)(10) Step 4: Solve for D = 3.0 X 12.5 X 10 = 375 meters of drift Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 4: Solve for D = 3.0 X 12.5 X 10 = 375 meters of drift. Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Another D = KAV problem 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Another D = KAV problem A CH-47 is dropping bundles from 1500 ft. AGL with a MEW of 5 knots. What is the calculated parachute drift using the D = KAV formula? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS EXAMPLE: D = KAV (WIND DRIFT FORMULA) An A/C is dropping bundles from 1500 ft. AGL with a surface wind of 5 knots. What is the calculated parachute drift using the D = KAV formula? An A/C is dropping bundles from 1250 ft. AGL with a surface wind of 5 knots. What is the calculated parachute drift using the D = KAV formula? Step 1: K = 1.5 (Cargo Constant) Step 2: A = 15 (1250 ft.) Step 3: V = 10 (5 knots) Step 4: D = 1.5 X 12.5 X 5 = 93.75 meters of drift. (Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number.) Round up to = 94 meters of drift

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV K = 1.5 (Cargo Constant) Step 1: Solve for K 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= KAV Step 1: Solve for K K = 1.5 (Cargo Constant) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 1: Solve for K

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (1.5)AV Step 2: Solve for A = 15 (1500 ft.) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (1.5)AV Step 2: Solve for A = 15 (1500 ft.) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 2: Solve for A = 15 (1500 ft.)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (1.5)(15)V Step 3: Solve for V = 5 (5 knots) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (1.5)(15)V Step 3: Solve for V = 5 (5 knots) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 3: Solve for V = 5 (5 knots)

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (1.5)(15)(5) 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS D= (1.5)(15)(5) Step 4: Solve for D = 1.5 X 15 X 5 = 112.5 meters of drift. Round up to 113 meters of drift. Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Step 4: Solve for D = 1.5 X 15 X 5 = 112.5 meters of drift. Round up to 113 meters of drift. Any fractional answer is rounded up to the nearest whole number.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS FORWARD THROW 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS FORWARD THROW FORWARD THROW is the horizontal distance the jumper or bundle will move from exit to parachute opening in the direction of flight GMRS DZ OPERATIONS If you chuck two people out of a plane, one with a parachute and one without. That would be funny. In addition, they wouldn’t land in the same place. A person under a chute doesn’t fall the same way a person without one does. When a jumper first goes out of the plane, he is chute-less. Since he will be traveling this way for 3-6 seconds, we have to take this into account to figure out where he will land. Check out FM 3-21.22, paragraph 21-4 FORWARD THROW is the horizontal distance the jumper or bundle will move from exit to parachute opening in the direction of flight. FORWARD THROW is the horizontal distance the jumper/bundle will move from exit to parachute opening in the direction of flight. The forward throw for Army A/C is the drop speed divided in half. This yields the forward throw in meters. If a CH-47 were flying at 90 knots, the forward throw would be 45 meters. The forward throw for AF A/C is: C-13 C-5/C-17 Personnel/door bundles 230 meters 230 meters Heavy Equipment 458 meters 658 meters Container Delivery Sys. 503 meters 686 meters

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The forward throw for Army A/C (rotary-wing and STOL) is drop speed divided in half. This yields the forward throw in meters If CH-47 flying at 90 knots, what would be the forward throw? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The forward throw for Army A/C is drop speed divided in half. This yields the forward throw in meters. If CH-47 flying at 90 knots, what would be the forward throw?

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 45 meters The forward throw is 3/8/2017 The forward throw would be 45 meters.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS If a CASA-212 is flying at 110 knots, what would be the forward throw? GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The forward throw for Army A/C is drop speed divided in half. This yields the forward throw in meters. If CASA-212 flying at 110 knots, what would be the forward throw?

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS 55 meters The forward throw is 3/8/2017 The forward throw would be 55 meters.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS FORWARD THROW data for AF A/C: 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS FORWARD THROW data for AF A/C: Personnel/Door Bundles C-130 (229 meters) HE C-130 (458 meters) CDS C-130 (503 meters) GMRS DZ OPERATIONS FORWARD THROW data for AF A/C: Personnel/Door Bundles C-130 (229 meters) HE C-130 (458 meters) CDS C-130 (503 meters) To convert yards to meters, multiply yards by .9144. To convert meters to yards, divide meters by .9144. To convert yards to meters, multiply yards by .9144 To convert meters to yards, divide meters by .9144

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS FORWARD THROW data for AF A/C 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS FORWARD THROW data for AF A/C A/C Elements C-130 C-5/C-17 Personnel/door bundles 229 meters 229 meters Heavy Equipment 458 meters 668 meters Container Delivery Sys. 503 meters 686 meters C-130 C-141 C-5 PERSONNEL/DOOR BUNDLES 229 METERS/250 YARDS 229 METERS/250 YARDS 229 METERS/250 YARDS HEAVY EQUIPMENT 458 METERS/500 YARDS 668 METERS/730 YARDS 668 METERS/730 YARDS CONTAINER DELIVERY SYSTEMS 503 METERS/550 YARDS 686 METERS/750 YARDS 686 METERS/750 YARDS TACTICAL TRAINING BUNDLE 147 METERS/160 YARDS 147 METERS/160 YARDS 147 METERS/160 YARDS NOTE: To convert yards to meters, multiply yards by .9144. To convert meters to yards, divide meters by .9144. Table 21-4. Fixed-wing forward throw data. FM 3-05.210 pg 3-20, Table 3-7

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS COMPUTING THE RELEASE POINT 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS COMPUTING THE RELEASE POINT Jumpmaster Version (Wind Streamer Vector Count) DZSO Version

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS WIND STREAMER VECTOR COUNT 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS To compute wind drift, using the: WIND STREAMER VECTOR COUNT GMRS DZ OPERATIONS To compute wind drift, use the formula: D = KAV

GMRS - DZ Operations STREAMER DROP COUNT A/C FLIGHT ADJUSTMENT 3/8/2017 GMRS - DZ Operations STREAMER DROP COUNT A/C FLIGHT ADJUSTMENT (1) The WSVC method is used when the release point is determined from the air. It is normally jumpmaster executed and does not require markings to be placed on the DZ. (a) Streamer drop. On the first A/C pass over the desired PI, a streamer is dropped from the A/C. The A/C then turns to allow the JM to keep the streamer in sight. The pilot adjusts his route so that the flight path is over the streamer on the ground and the desired PI (in a straight line). (b) Count. As the A/C passes over the streamer, the JM begins a count, stopping the count directly over the PI. He immediately begins a new count. When that count equals the first count, the A/C is over the release point for the first jumper. (c) A/C flight adjustment. The pilot then maneuvers the A/C to fly along the axis of the DZ and over the RP. Slight adjustments may be made by observing the jumpers as they land on the DZ. NOTE: This method should not be used for tactical employment, since the A/C is required to make multiple passes over the DZ.

3/8/2017 PI (1) The WSVC method is used when the release point is determined from the air. It is normally jumpmaster executed and does not require markings to be placed on the DZ. (a) Streamer drop. On the first A/C pass over the desired PI, a streamer is dropped from the A/C. The A/C then turns to allow the JM to keep the streamer in sight. The pilot adjusts his route so that the flight path is over the streamer on the ground and the desired PI (in a straight line). (b) Count. As the A/C passes over the streamer, the JM begins a count, stopping the count directly over the PI. He immediately begins a new count. When that count equals the first count, the A/C is over the release point for the first jumper. (c) A/C flight adjustment. The pilot then maneuvers the A/C to fly along the axis of the DZ and over the RP. Slight adjustments may be made by observing the jumpers as they land on the DZ. NOTE: This method should not be used for tactical employment, since the A/C is required to make multiple passes over the DZ.

3/8/2017 (1) The WSVC method is used when the release point is determined from the air. It is normally jumpmaster executed and does not require markings to be placed on the DZ. (a) Streamer drop. On the first A/C pass over the desired PI, a streamer is dropped from the A/C. The A/C then turns to allow the JM to keep the streamer in sight. The pilot adjusts his route so that the flight path is over the streamer on the ground and the desired PI (in a straight line). (b) Count. As the A/C passes over the streamer, the JM begins a count, stopping the count directly over the PI. He immediately begins a new count. When that count equals the first count, the A/C is over the release point for the first jumper. (c) A/C flight adjustment. The pilot then maneuvers the A/C to fly along the axis of the DZ and over the RP. Slight adjustments may be made by observing the jumpers as they land on the DZ. NOTE: This method should not be used for tactical employment, since the A/C is required to make multiple passes over the DZ.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Select the desired PI 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Select the desired PI Compute the ground dispersion pattern using D = RT Pace off the computed dispersion distance, return to PI This is making sure you can get all your jumpers on the DZ GMRS DZ OPERATIONS COMPUTING THE RELEASE POINT Select the desired PI. First select the desired point of impact on the DZ. When using existing Drop Zones, the surveyed point of impact must be used, unless prior coordination is made with the aircrew. Compute the ground dispersion pattern, start at the PI, face the direction of flight and pace off the computed dispersion distance. Return to the PI. 1. Compute the ground dispersion pattern using D = RT or T = D/R.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Wind Drift 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Wind Drift Standing on the PI, you will face into the wind, and pace off the wind drift you calculated from your D=KAV formula. WIND DRIFT GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Compute the wind drift, face into the wind and pace off the wind drift distance. Standing on the PI, you will face into the wind, and pace off the wind drift you calculated from your D=KAV formula.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Forward Throw 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Forward Throw From that point, you will face into the direction of A/C approach (opposite A/C heading) and pace off your forward throw constant. This is your release point. WIND DRIFT GMRS DZ OPERATIONS From that point, you will face into the direction of A/C approach (opposite A/C heading) and pace off your forward throw constant. / PI

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS Mark Release point with Panels / PI 3/8/2017 After pacing off the forward throw, you are now standing on the RP. / PI

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS MARKING THE DZ FOR GMRS 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS The plane will be flying directly over the RP. Since we don’t have glass- bottomed aircraft we have to mark the RP in such a way that the pilot can fly the plane directly over it, yet the Jumpmaster can see the RP to know when to release his jumpers. The GMRS uses markings known as the four-panel inverted L, six-panel T, or seven-panel H. The T or H pattern is recommended for C-141/C-5 airdrops due to A/C side angle vision limitations.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS From the RP, you will turn 90 degrees to your right and pace off 100 meters At that point, you will place your first marker panel or light. The panel will be placed parallel to the line of flight GMRS DZ OPERATIONS From the RP, you will turn 90 degrees to your right and pace off 100 meters. At that point, you will place your first marker panel or light. The panel will be placed parallel to the line of flight.

INVERTED “L” * INVERTED “L” 3/8/2017 AUTHENTICATION LIGHT (2) To mark with an inverted L, stand on the RP, face into the direction of A/C approach, position the first marker 100 meters to the right, and the second marker 50 meters to the right of the first. Place the third (Flank) marker 150 meters to the right from the second marker. Position the fourth marker 50 meters forward of the first marker into the direction of approach. (3) During daylight, use VS-17 panels. At night, use white omni directional bean bag lights. Under specific circumstances IR lights may be used. Field expedient marking devices such as fires, flares may be used. Smoke may be displayed at the RP during daylight. At night, a air traffic control light may be used to mark the RP. (4) For all patterns, if the authentication light is used, it will be placed 15 meters to the right of the bottom panel. **

3/8/2017 Six Panel “T” (1) The T or H pattern is recommended for C-141/C-5 airdrops due to A/C side angle vision limitations. (2) To mark with T pattern, your first panel will be perpendicular to the direction of flight. You will move 50 meters beyond this panel and build the inverted L pattern. After finishing the inverted L, you will add an additional panel below the bottom panel (along the line of approach). (3) During daylight, use VS-17 panels. At night, use white omni directional bean bag lights. Under specific circumstances IR lights may be used. Field expedient marking devices such as fires, flares may be used. Smoke may be displayed at the RP during daylight. At night, a air traffic control light may be used to mark the RP. (4) For all patterns, if the authentication light is used, it will be placed 15 meters to the right of the bottom panel.

3/8/2017 Seven Panel “H” (1) The GMRS uses markings known as the four-panel inverted L, six-panel T, or seven-panel H. The T or H pattern is recommended for C-141/C-5 airdrops due to A/C side angle vision limitations. (2) To mark with an H pattern, stand on the RP, face into the direction of A/C approach, position the first marker 100 meters to the right, and the second marker 50 meters to the right of the first. Both of these panels will parallel the direction of flight. Place the third (Flanker) marker 150 meters to the right from the second marker. Position two more panels 50 meters below the first two panels, then two more panels below them. (3) During daylight, use VS-17 panels. At night, use white omni directional bean bag lights. Under specific circumstances IR lights may be used. Field expedient marking devices such as fires, flares may be used. Smoke may be displayed at the RP during daylight. At night, a air traffic control light may be used to mark the RP. (4) For all patterns, if the authentication light is used, it will be placed 15 meters to the right of the bottom panel. AUTHENTICATION LIGHT

3/8/2017 GMRS – Jump procedures VS-17 PANEL The Air Crew will indicate that the DZ is safe by lighting the green light. The jump is initiated by the Jumpmaster in the door The Jumpmaster uses the panels placed on the DZ by the DZSO to know when he is at the correct release point. When the panels on the ground line up with the trail edge of the door, the plane is at the correct release point. GMRS JUMPMASTER PROCEDURES The Jumpmaster controls the static lines of the jumpers on exit, and the Safety controls the Jumpmaster’s static line. Procedures for jumping do not change for the jumper. (3) When conducting GMRS airborne operations, the Jumpmaster controls the static lines of the jumpers on exit, and the safety controls the static line of the Jumpmaster. (4) The aircrew navigator will illuminate the “green light” when the A/C is abeam the ground marking. If the conditions are safe the Jumpmaster may give the command “GO”. When the line of the panels break the trailing edge of the jump door, the JM ensures that the green light is illuminated TRAIL EDGE OF THE DOOR VIEW FROM INSIDE A/C

THE 15:1 MASK CLEARANCE RATIO 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS THE 15:1 MASK CLEARANCE RATIO 15 units of horizontal clearance for every one unit of vertical clearance Static line jumps only GMRS DZ OPERATIONS THE 15:1 MASK CLEARANCE RATIO 15 units of horizontal clearance for every one unit of vertical clearance. Static line jumps only. The 15:1 Mask Clearance Ratio. (1) The A/C is required to fly along the markings on the DZ, these ground markings must be visible to the aircrew. If obstacles (trees) mask the pilots line of sight, a mask clearance ratio of 15:1 is used as a guide. 15 units of horizontal clearance for every one unit of vertical clearance. This only applies to static line jumps. If the ground marking panel falls into the 15:1 ratio, a code letter H,E,A,T is placed on the departure end of the DZ. This far marking is on line with the corner panel to allow the aircrew to align the A/C on the RP until the inverted L comes into view.

3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS If GMRS marking falls within a 15:1 mask clearance ratio of obstacles on the approach end, a code letter H, E, A, T is placed on departure end Far panel for CDS drop GMRS DZ OPERATIONS If GMRS marking falls within a 15:1 mask clearance ratio of obstacles on the approach end, a code letter H, E, A, T is placed on departure end. Far panel for CDS drop.

3/8/2017 The 15:1 Mask Clearance Ratio. (1) The A/C is required to fly along the markings on the DZ, these ground markings must be visible to the aircrew. If obstacles (trees) mask the pilots line of sight, a mask clearance ratio of 15:1 is used as a guide. 15 units of horizontal clearance for every one unit of vertical clearance. This only applies to static line jumps. If the ground marking panel falls into the 15:1 ratio, a code letter H,E,A,T is placed on the departure end of the DZ. This far marking is on line with the corner panel to allow the aircrew to align the A/C on the RP until the inverted L comes into view.

GMRS DZ OPERATIONS NO DROP SIGNALS Red smoke or flares 3/8/2017 GMRS DZ OPERATIONS NO DROP SIGNALS Red smoke or flares Verbal “NO DROP” to A/C Scrambled panels or “X” Absence of planned signal GMRS DZ OPERATIONS NO DROP SIGNALS Red smoke or flares Radio communication with A/C Scrambled panels Absence of planned signal

3/8/2017 QUESTIONS

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING Which side of the aircraft does the Jumpmaster spot the GMRS ground marking? Which side of the aircraft does the Jumpmaster spot the GMRS ground marking? The left side. 350-2, 9-4

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING Which side of the aircraft does the Jumpmaster spot the GMRS ground marking? - The left side. USASOC Reg. 350-2 Which side of the aircraft does the Jumpmaster spot the GMRS ground marking? The left side. 350-2, 9-4

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING What is the purpose of using GMRS airborne operation? What is the purpose of using GMRS airborne operation? To covertly infiltrate a small unit into a denied area without use of radio communications, requires trained reception party on the DZ to mark the RP. 350-2, 9-3

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING What is the purpose of using GMRS airborne operation? - To covertly infiltrate a small unit into a denied area without use of radio communications, requires trained reception party on the DZ to mark the RP. USASOC Reg. 350-2 What is the purpose of using GMRS airborne operation? To covertly infiltrate a small unit into a denied area without use of radio communications, requires trained reception party on the DZ to mark the RP. 350-2, 9-3

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING What three factors are used to compute the RP for a GMRS operation? What three factors are used to compute the RP for a GMRS operation? Dispersion, Wind Drift, Forward Throw. 350-2, 9-5

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING What three factors are used to compute the RP for a GMRS operation? Dispersion, Wind Drift, Forward Throw. USASOC Reg. 350-2 What three factors are used to compute the RP for a GMRS operation? Dispersion, Wind Drift, Forward Throw. 350-2, 9-5

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING Why is the Wind Streamer Vector Count not used for tactical airborne operations? What three factors are used to compute the RP for a GMRS operation? Dispersion, Wind Drift, Forward Throw. 350-2, 9-5

3/8/2017 CHECK ON LEARNING Why is the Wind Streamer Vector Count not used for tactical airborne operations? -It requires the aircraft to make multiple passes over the drop zone. FM 3-21.220 P 21-2 What three factors are used to compute the RP for a GMRS operation? Dispersion, Wind Drift, Forward Throw. 350-2, 9-5

GMRS - Summary Purpose of a GMRS Requirements DZ Operations 3/8/2017 (1) This procedure is utilized to covertly infiltrate a small unit into a denied area without the use of radio communications. It requires a trained reception party on the DZ to mark the RP with a specified ground marking. Requirements (1) CCT or STT are not required on the DZ. (2) There are no special aircrew or aircraft requirements. (3) There must be visual conditions to utilize GMRS procedures. (4) The Airborne Commander must ensure that the Jumpmasters and DZSO/DZSTL conducting the GMRS is Special Forces qualified or has been certified on GMRS procedures. (5) Air to ground communications are not necessary unless an administrative requirement exists for the DZSO/DZSTL to communicate with the aircraft. This will be coordinated prior to the operation. Jumpmaster Procedures: (1) Jumpmaster must spot the ground marking out of the left side of the A/C. If the A/C is not properly lined up (100 meters to the right of the stem); the Jumpmaster will not exit the jumpers even if the “green light” is turned on. (2) The Jumpmaster will estimate when the A/C is 10 seconds out from the RP, and give the command of “STAND-BY” to the first jumper. (3) When conducting GMRS airborne operations, the Jumpmaster controls the static lines of the jumpers on exit, and the safety controls the static line of the Jumpmaster. (4) The aircrew navigator will illuminate the “green light” when the A/C is abeam the ground marking. If the conditions are safe the Jumpmaster may give the command “GO”. Procedures for jumping do not change for the jumper. DZ Operations (1) The DZSO/DZSTL is responsible for computing the RP and placing the ground markings IAW Release Point computations. (2) The RP is the exact point, over which the exit from the A/C is to be made. The RP marker is located in relation to the desired impact point (selected by the Airborne Commander) using a backward planning sequence. The RP is computed with 3 factors: (a) DISPERSION is the length of the pattern formed by the impact of the parachutists. The desired point of impact for the first parachutist depends on how the calculated dispersal pattern is fitted into the available DZ space. To find out if the DZ is long enough, use the formula D=RT. To find out how many jumpers can be released in a single pass over the known length of a DZ, use the formula T=D/R. (b) WIND DRIFT is based on the wind velocity, the A/C drop altitude, and the constant factor for the type of parachute used. The wind velocity is measured with the DZSO’s/DZSTL’s anemometer for reading surface winds (if readings are in miles per hour, multiply by .86 to convert to knots) or with a pilot ballon (PIBAL) helium system to determine the Mean Effective Wind. The PIBAL helium system is more reliable than the anemometer, because it measures the constant wind speed average from drop altitude to the ground, where as, the anemometer only measures surface wind velocity only. Regardless of the method used to measure DZ winds, the Airborne Commander is responsible for ensuring winds on the DZ do not exceed 13 knots during static line jumps. The formula used to compute the wind drift is D = KAV. (c) FORWARD THROW is the horizontal distance the jumper/bundle will move from exit to parachute opening in the direction of flight. The forward throw for Army A/C is the drop speed divided in half. This yields the forward throw in meters. If a CH-47 were flying at 90 knots, the forward throw would be 45 meters. The forward throw for AF A/C is: C-130 C-141 Personnel/door bundles 229 meters 229 meters Heavy Equipment 458 meters 668 meters Container Delivery Sys. 503 meters 686 meters Purpose of a GMRS Requirements DZ Operations