Conquest, Colonization, and the Rise of Capitalism Europe, The Americas, and Africa: 1492-1750 Gilderman Lehman center- Colombia Exchange- https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/american-indians/essays/columbian-exchange https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/colonization-and-settlement-1585-1763 National Humanities Center- http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/exploration.htm http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/settlement/settlement.htm

Section1: The Conquest of the Americas European expansion leads to contact with indigenous groups, decimation of local populations and cultures, and colonization PBS Conquistadors- http://www.pbs.org/conquistadors/index.html Painting- Parra, Felix (1845-1919) Massacre of Indians at Tenochtitlan

First Encounters 1 In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies, in the Caribbean. He encountered the Taíno people, who were friendly and generous toward the Spanish. Spanish conquistadors, or conquerors, followed in the wake of Columbus. They settled on Caribbean islands, seized gold from the Taínos, and forced them to convert to Christianity. Meanwhile, smallpox, measles and influenza carried by the Europeans wiped out village after native village. Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases.

Hernan Cortes (b.1485- d.1547) Born in Medellin, Spain from lesser- noble family Traveled to New World to seek out fortune Worked for Spanish government in Hispaniola as a public official for 7 yrs Commanded 500 man/ 11 ship expedition against the orders of his superior, the Spanish governor Diego Velazquez Reached Mexican coast Feb. 1519 Burned ships to motivate men to move forward inland https://www.biography.com/people/hern%C3%A1n-cort%C3%A9s-9258320

Francisco Pizarro Grew to be an explorer and soldier Inspired by stories of the New World while growing up impoverished in Spain. In 1513, Pizarro joined conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa to go across Panama. First documented siting by a European of the Pacific Ocean In 1532, accompanied by his brothers, Pizarro overthrew the Inca leader Atahualpa and conquered Peru 1535, Founded City of Lima, Peru June 1541, assassinated by warring faction of conquistadors https://www.biography.com/video/francisco-pizarro-mini-biography-35738179900 PBS-Lost Inca Empire NOVA- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/lost-inca-empire.html

The Conquistadors CORTÉS IN MEXICO PIZARRO IN PERU 1 The Conquistadors CORTÉS IN MEXICO PIZARRO IN PERU Hernan Cortés landed on the Mexican coast in 1519. Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords. The Aztec emperor, Moctezuma, thought Cortés might be a god. He offered tribute to Cortés and welcomed him to Tenochtitlan. When relations grew strained, the Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlan. In 1521, Cortés returned and captured and demolished Tenochtitlán. Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru in 1532, just after the conclusion of a bloody civil war. Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured the new king, Atahualpa, and killed thousands of his followers. The Spanish then overran the Incan heartland. Hernan Cortes – The economist- http://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21636686-journey-past-most-mexicans-would-rather-forget-trail-hern-n

Land Claims in the Americas 1 Land Claims in the Americas By 1675, Spain, France, Britain, and Portugal possessed sizable overseas empires. Trade ships carried goods between Europe and the Americas and Africa.

Why Were the Spanish Victorious? 1 Why Were the Spanish Victorious? The Spanish had superior military technology, such as muskets, cannons, and armor. They used horses, which frightened some Indians, who had never seen such animals. The Spanish were able to take advantage of division and discontent among the Indians. In fact, Indians provided the Spanish with much of their fighting power. Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the Aztecs and Incas. Many Indians believed that the disasters they suffered marked the end of the world. Documentary part 2 - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iR8OaVDB3_E

1 Section 1 Assessment Which of the following countries did not have land claims in North America in 1675? a) Spain b) England c) France d) Portugal Why did Moctezuma offer tribute to Cortés? a) Moctezuma hoped to open trading relations with the Spanish. b) Moctezuma thought that Cortés might be a god. c) Moctezuma wanted to show his respect for Spanish culture. d) Moctezuma wanted to show the Spanish the wealth of the Aztec empire. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

1 Section 1 Assessment Which of the following countries did not have land claims in North America in 1675? a) Spain b) England c) France d) Portugal Why did Moctezuma offer tribute to Cortés? a) Moctezuma hoped to open trading relations with the Spanish. b) Moctezuma thought that Cortés might be a god. c) Moctezuma wanted to show his respect for Spanish culture. d) Moctezuma wanted to show the Spanish the wealth of the Aztec empire. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Section 2: The Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas Settlers and Missionaries accompanied conquistadors Spaniards saw it their right and duty as subjects of the Spanish King and as Christians to conquer the land and convert inhabitants Most were motivated by seizing unclaimed land and vast deposits of gold and silver Lack of European workers compelled Europeans to use indigenous people as laborers. When these people were overworked or killed off, Slaves were brought from Africa

After the Lesson, fill out concept web- write key facts and ideas Spanish Empire Government Society Culture Economy

Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas 2 Spanish and Portuguese Colonies in the Americas How did Spain rule its empire in the Americas? What were the chief features of colonial society and culture? How did Portugal and other European nations challenge Spanish power?

Ruling the Spanish Empire 2 Ruling the Spanish Empire In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH GOVERNMENT THE ECONOMY Spain closely controlled economic activity, especially trade. The Spanish grew sugar cane, which was grown on plantations and required large numbers of workers. At first, the Spanish forced the Native Americans to work under brutal conditions. Later, the colonists began shipping slaves from Africa to do their work. Spain was determined to maintain strict control over its empire. The empire was divided into five provinces, each of which was ruled by a viceroy. The Council of the Indies helped pass laws for the colonies. The Church worked with the government to convert Native Americans to Christianity and loyal subjects to the king of Spain Church leaders often served as royal officials. Spanish missionaries forcibly imposed European culture over Native American culture.

The Encomienda System Life in the colonies was labor-intensive- in order to make a profit; investors, settlers, and merchants needed to rely on cheap labor With few people coming from Europe, Spanish monarchs granted conquistadors Encomiendas- the right to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans in a particular area, to cultivate the land. Forced labor, disease, starvation, and torture led to large declines in population. Those who resisted were hunted down and killed.

Bartolome de las Casas Catholic priests worked to convert and turn natives into subjects of the king of Spain Some, like Father Bartolome de las Casas worked to help the natives His book In Defense of the Indians, condemned the Encomienda System and detailed the horrors Spanish rule brought on the Native Americans In 1515, Advocated to King Charles V of Spain to end encomienda and use slaves from Africa instead. Issued in 1542- the New Laws of the Indies- Charles V issued rules for the fair treatment and the prevention of exploitation of the native people. Reforms were partly successful, where in some places like Peru there was rebellion from wealthy land owners against the king No longer slaves, many became peons- farmers bound to a landowner because of debt. By 1530, Spaniards started bringing in African Slaves to fill labor shortage de las Casas later regretted his advice and denounced all slavery as evil.

2 Colonial Society In Spanish America, the mix of diverse people gave rise to a new social structure. Peninsulares, people born in Spain, were at the top of society. Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish settlers, were next. Mestizos were people of Native American and European descent. Mulattoes were people of African and European descent. Native Americans and people of African descent formed the lowest social classes.

2 Colonial Culture The blending of Native American, African, and European peoples and traditions resulted in a new American culture. Colonial cities were centers of government, commerce, and European culture. To meet the Church’s need for educated priests, the colonies built universities. Although Spanish culture was dominant in the cities, the blending of diverse traditions changed people’s lives throughout the Americas.

Portuguese Colony of Brazil Officially “discovered” in 1500 when a fleet commanded by Portuguese diplomat Pedro Álvares Cabral, on its way to India, landed on the continent Initially, the Portuguese Crown couldn't establish a strong central government in the subcontinent. For much of the colonial period, it relied on "captains," low ranking nobles and merchants who were granted authority over captaincies, slices of land often as big as their motherland. By 1549 it was evident that most of the captaincies were failing. By end of 17th century, discovery of gold and diamonds led to an explosion of settlers- fortune hunters and craftsmen, which helped build cities in the colony Expansion inland led to establishment of large plantations for sugar cane production, coffee production, and cattle ranching Production relied on the need for cheap labor- Brazil was the last country in the Western world to abolish slavery. By the time it was abolished, in 1888, an estimated four million slaves had been imported from Africa to Brazil, 40% of the total number of slaves brought to the Americas. NPR- Brazil Enslaved article w/ audio- http://www.npr.org/2015/09/12/439257489/brazil-enslaved https://pennstatebrazil.wordpress.com/2013/04/22/the-portuguese-colonization-of-brazil/ A brief History of Brazil- NY Times http://www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/centralandsouthamerica/brazil/riodejaneiro/fdrs_feat_129_9.html?pagewanted=1&n=Top/Features/Travel/Destinations/Central%20and%20South%20America/Brazil/Rio%20de%20Janeiro

Challenging Spanish Power 2 To get around Spain’s strict control over colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists. Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments. The Dutch, English, and French hunted for other gold empires and for a northwest passage to Asia.

The Spanish Treasure Fleet, 1566-1790 Much of Spain's exploration of the Americas centered on the desire to find gold and silver. Spain had no industries and relied on other European nations for manufactured goods, gold and silver was needed to pay for them. In the 1530s, Spain conquered the Inca Empire in present day Peru and added huge amounts of gold and silver to its coffers. In 1545 the Spanish found the richest silver deposits yet discovered in the Americas on the Potosi mountainside in Peru. The colonies that Spain founded in the New World became the world's largest sources of precious metals. Spain established a policy whereby colonists in the Americas could only trade with Spanish merchant ships. Since early colonists depended on Spanish merchants for basic necessities including food, tools, domestic animals, and weapons, Spain's trading monopoly was very profitable. Beginning in the 1560s, shipping between Spain and the Americas was organized on a regular basis. In general, two fleets of between 30 and 90 vessels sailed to the American colonies each year.

Example- Spanish Treasure Ship https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/origins-slavery/essays/indian-slavery-Americas http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/05/potosi-silver-mines-of-colonial-peru.html https://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/129shipwrecks/129facts1.htm

Sir Francis Drake- Pirate or Patriot? (c.1540 - c.1596) In 1567, Drake made one of the first English slaving voyages to the New World Grew to hate the Spanish and between 1570-72, attacked and looted Spanish ports in the new world, returned to England a wealthy man. In 1577, Drake and other “Sea Dogs” were secretly commissioned by Elizabeth I to set off on an expedition against the Spanish colonies on the American Pacific coast. travelled up the west coast of South America, plundering Spanish ports.  He arrived back in England in September 1580 with the distinction of being the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe in his ship “the Golden Hind”  In 1588, he was a vice admiral in the fleet that defeated a Spanish fleet to invade England Died and buried at sea, 1596 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/drake_francis.shtml History.com- 10 thing you may not have known about Francis Drake- http://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-francis-drake http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090417205350/http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/history/naval-leaders/francis-drake/ http://international.loc.gov/intldl/drakehtml/rbdktime.html

Route of the Golden Hind

2 Section 2 Assessment Which of the following is true of the Spanish empire? a) It was divided into four provinces. b) Each province was ruled by a viceroy. c) Spain allowed the colonists to have economic control of the colonies. d) The Spanish were tolerant of the religious practices of the Native Americans within the colonies. Which group was at the top of colonial society? a) creoles b) mestizos c) peninsulares d) mulattoes Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

2 Section 2 Assessment Which of the following is true of the Spanish empire? a) It was divided into four provinces. b) Each province was ruled by a viceroy. c) Spain allowed the colonists to have economic control of the colonies. d) The Spanish were tolerant of the religious practices of the Native Americans within the colonies. Which group was at the top of colonial society? a) creoles b) mestizos c) peninsulares d) mulattoes Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.