Intro to Industrialization and Economic Development Bellwork What separates the “Haves” from the “Have Nots”? Can a periphery country ever become a core country? What does it take?

Our favorite items… What are some other countries that you think use this item/wear this clothing? Where was your item/clothing made? What is the per capita GDP of that country? Do individuals that produce your item “have” your item? Write this down…

Industrial Distribution Modern concept of industry means the manufacturing of goods in a factory. Origin: northern England and southern Scotland in second half of 18th century. Industrial Revolution refers to improvements made in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

Industrial Regions Industry is concentrated in three regions Europe North America East Asia Each regions accounts for roughly ¼ of the world’s total industrial output. Brazil and India account for most of industrial output outside of the aforementioned regions. These locations may be more profitable to industry because of two geographic costs. Situation factors – costs associated with the established transportation networks accessible from a specific place. Site factors – costs resulting from the unique characteristics of a location. Industrial Regions

Situation Factors Proximity to Input: optimal plant location is near the input. Raw material transportation costs > transportation costs of product to consumer Bulk-reducing Industry: Because inputs weigh more than the final products, plant location is near market to reduce transportation costs. Copper is an example of a bulk-reducing industry. The ore is heavy, so mills are located near the mines in order to “reduce the bulk” so that the final product costs less to transport. Steel used to be Bulk-reducing, but has changed in recent decades

Situation Factors Proximity to Market: optimal plant location is near the market. Raw material transportation costs < transportation costs of product to consumer Critical locational factor for three types of industries. Bulk-Gaining Industries Production of a product that gains volume or weight during its production. Plants typically located near market to reduce the costs of transportation. Examples Fabrication of parts and machinery from steel and other metals. Plants where beverages are bottled.

Situation Factors Single-Market Manufacturers Specialized manufacturers with only one or two customers. Optimal location for factories is often in close proximity to the customers. Examples Producers of specialized components attached to clothing e.g. buttons, zippers, or pins. Makers of parts for motor vehicles. Perishable Products Companies specializing in perishable products must be located in close enough proximity to their markets that the product does not spoil or become dated during transportation. Food Products e.g. bakers and milk bottlers Time Sensitive Products e.g. printed newspapers

Weber’s Least Cost Theory His theory suggests that a company building an industrial plant must consider the source of raw materials and the market for the final product. The weight of the raw materials and the finished product determine the location of the facility. His theory operates through triangulation to determine the most appropriate factory location RM1 RM2 M P

Centralization & Agglomeration Once it is determined where “least cost” is the case. Agglomeration may take place. Agglomeration is the clustering of similar or related firms in close proximity to one another. Agglomeration is the centralization of the features of an industry for the mutual benefit of the industry as a whole. Tax breaks for industrial parks Shared services like rail depots Attractiveness of secondary industries Quality Labor Cumulative causation is the continued growth of agglomeration because of positives. Deglomeration occurs if there is an oversaturation of a particular industry.

Site Factors Labor Capital Land Most important factor on a global scale. Minimizing labor costs, which vary around the world, is extremely important to some industries. A labor-intensive industry is an industry in which wages and other compensation paid to employees constitute a higher percentage of expenses. Capital Manufacturers typically borrow the funds needed to establish new factories or expand existing ones. Ability to borrow money has greatly influenced the distribution of industry in developing countries. Land Lots must be large enough to accommodate efficient, contemporary one-story buildings. Mostly available in suburban and rural locations and tends to be relatively cheaper than land in the city.

Labor as a Site Factor What are the Implications?

Sweatshops & The Textile Industry Textiles and Apparel: Changing Inputs Production of textiles (woven fabrics) and apparel (clothing) generally requires less-skilled, low-cost labor. Majority of spinning, which is a process to make cotton, is done primarily in low-wage countries. China: Produces 2/3 of the world’s cotton thread. Majority of apparel weaving is highly clustered in low-wage countries. China: Produces 60% of fabric worldwide. India: Produces 30% of fabric worldwide.

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