Democracy Survives the Persian War: Stoa of Athenians, Delphi, 479 The Athenians dedicated the stoa, and the arm[s a]nd the ships’ prows which they took from the ene[mies].

Democracy in Action: First Response 479/8: Athenians rebuild their walls

Themistoklean Wall, 479 BCE Traces of the Themistoklean Walls in the Kerameikos

Democracy Evolves: Athens Creates the Delian League Membership: Athens & Attica Amphipolis in Thrace Thessaly Aegean islands coastal poleis Hellespont, Propontis, Black Sea Management: Aristeides, hellenotamiai Assessment & payment: Men; ships or phoros

Tribute List ca. 450 BCE

Democracy in Action: Securing the Aegean Sea 477-471: First activities in the northern Aegean by Kimon son of Miltiades: “No one humbled the Great King [Xerxes] more than Kimon. He gave him no rest when he had been driven from Greece, but followed hard on his heels before the barbarian could recover his breath and make a stand” (Plutarch Life of Kimon 12). 477: Thrace 475: Skyros 471: Karystos on Euboea 469-7: Karia, Lykia, southern Asia Minor

Democracy in Action: The Power and Reach of Tragedy 472: Themistokles ostracized and dies in … Persia! Reality Bites: the tragic stage, Aeschylus and The Persians

Democracy in Action: The Power and Reach of Tragedy What do we know about tragedy? Festival of Dionysus Origins and forms Production and acting: orkhestra, skene, parodoi; costumes, masks, orality; spectacle Early, Aeschylean formalism Stichomythia and rhetoric The agon – see Orestes vs. the Furies Mythology in tragedy Intellectual issues Sophistic argumentation Human psychology The nature of the gods Nomos vs. physis

Democracy in Action: Aeschylus’ Persians, lines 396-411: the battle joined Messenger At once with a united sweep and rush of oars on order they stuck the deep water of the sea. Swiftly all they became visible to see. At first the right wing in good battle order led the array but then the whole fleet began the attack and at the same time could be heard a great cry: "Children of the Hellenes, advance, and set free your fatherland. Set free your children, your wives, the temples of your gods and ancestors' tombs. The struggle is for them all.“ From us a confused babble of the Persian tongue rose up in reply and the time of planning was over. At once ship against ship its bronze ram struck. A ship of the Hellenes began the attack and broke off completely the beak of a Phoenician ship: ship rushed against ship.

Democracy in Action: Aeschylus’ Persians, lines 284-289: Athens as enemy Messenger O name of Salamis, most hateful to hear! O my! How I groan, remembering Athens! Chorus Hateful is Athens to its enemies! We, too, have cause to recall how many of the Persian women she made wives in vain, bereft of husbands.

Democracy in Action: Aeschylus’ Persians, lines 821-822: the hubris of Xerxes Ghost of Darius For hubris, flowering to maturity, produces a blossom of Atê, whence one reaps a harvest laden with tears.

Democracy in Action: Allies Revolt from Athenian hubris 470: Naxos loss of fleet, walls; higher tribute 465-3: Thasos loss of fleet, walls; higher tribute

Democracy in Action: The helot revolt and Kimon’s fall 465-459: Earthquake at Sparta: helot revolt; siege of Ithome 463/2: Kimon offers help to Sparta 463/2: Ephialtes reforms the Areopagus 462/1: Perikles institutes jury pay 462/1: Ephialtes assassinated 462/1: Kimon ostracized 460-450: Athens and her allies wage war with Sparta and her allies (“First Peloponnesian War”)

Democracy in Action: The Golden Age of Pericles

Democracy in Action: the spread of Athenian imperialism 457: Archonship open to zeugitai 454: Treasury of the Delian League transferred to Athens from Delos 451: Pericles oversees passage of the Citizenship Law: citizens must be of two Athenian parents 449: Peace (of Kallias) with Persia 449: Congress Decree, and beginning of Periclean building program in Athens 446/5: Thirty Years’ Peace with Sparta 446/5: Standards decree – coinage, measures, weights standardized throughout the Empire