Social Studies 9 Chapter 7 The Home Front

War Brings Change The Second World War changes all countries involved Catalyst: An event that brings about change How might the Second World War have changed Canadas’ sense of identity as: Individuals Citizens

7.1 The War At Home (Economy) In 1939 Canada’s economy is doing poorly. 12-13% Unemployment 1 million people on relief Canada’s Unemployment rate today is 7.2% The war would bring this to an end

7.1 The War At Home (Economy) The National resources Mobilization Act (NRMA) 1940 Gives government increased power over citizens Workers could be assigned to factories Farmers and coal miners not allowed to go to war People had to have a permit to search for a new job Moved people from non essential jobs to essential jobs do and authorize such acts and things, and make from time to time such orders and regulations, requiring persons to place themselves, their services and their property at the disposal of His Majesty in right of Canada, as may be deemed necessary or expedient for securing the public safety, the defence of Canada, the maintenance of public order, or the efficient prosecution of the war, or for maintaining supplies or services essential to the life of the community.

7.1 The War At Home (Economy) A Changing Economy: Pre-War Economy: Based on primary resources Farming Fishing Forestry Mining Post War Economy: Manufacturing plays a bigger role The growth of the manufacturing industry lays the roots for the Windsor - Quebec City Corridor

7.1 The War At Home (Economy) Canada becomes a major supplier of war products to both Britain and the Soviet Union to help defeat the Nazis Canadians build: Machine guns, bullets, artillery shells, military vehicles, tanks, planes, artillery guns, explosives, medical supplies and much more

7.1 The War At Home (Economy) A Changed Economy: The Second World War has a long lasting impact on the Canadian Economy: The increased production and employment ended the great depression. The federal government takes responsibility for managing the economy for the benefit of all Canadians The Windsor-Quebec City Corridor emerges as Canada’s heartland An unbreakable economic unity emerges with the United States

7.1 The War at Home (Social) The biggest social change in Canada has to do with the role of women in the workforce and military

7.1 The War at Home (Social) Women in the military: So many women volunteered for the military that the armed forces had to create women’s branches. Over 46,000 women serve overseas as cooks, nurses, welders, and radar operators. One group of women flew newly manufactured airplanes to Britain So many women were working that Ontario paid for childcare

7.1 The War at Home (Social) Women in the Workforce: There was a labour shortage in Canada during the second world war. Increased production of for the war Many men enlisted in the armed forces Even though women played a vital role in the winning of the war they are rarely paid as much as men for the same work. 50% of the arms workforce 30% of the aircraft workforce were women Women gain self-confidence and a sense of accomplishment from their work during the war.

7.1 The War at Home (Social) Rationing: The controlled the distribution of products that were limited in supply. Foods like coffee, tea, sugar, meat, and milk. Goods like rubber, gasoline, and certain metals. Watches, fountain pens, cars, tires, and home appliances disappeared from stores There was not silk for women's stockings many would dye their legs black to avoid the ugly cotton stockings available

7.1 The War at Home (Political) Many Canadians had turned to new political parties in the 1930’s to find solutions for the nations problems

7.1 The War at Home (Political) Social Policy: Tommy Douglas is a leader of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) Douglas seen the impact the depression had on the Prairies and fought for changes that he believed would help the people there The economic boom associated with the war creates the conditions where some of these changes can begin to happen To avoid losing voters Mackenzie King adopts some of the social policies proposed by the (CCF)

7.1 The War at Home (Political) Unemployment Insurance is introduced to Canada in 1940 Why would unemployment insurance be an easy change for the government in 1940? Baby bonus or family allowance is introduced in 1945

7.1 The War at Home (Political) Conscription: Conscription: to compel people to join the armed forces by law In 1939 King promises not to introduce conscription. In 1940 NRMA includes conscription but only for the home front By 1944 there are so many casualties that King has to order NRMA soldiers to the war in Europe. NRMA soldiers are called “Zombies” because they did not want to fight in Europe

7.1 The War at Home (Political) King breaks his promise not to conscript Canadians the reaction But it is late in the war only 2400 conscripts actually fight The reaction from French citizens is not as bad as World War One

7.1 The War at Home (Political) A New Province: Newfoundland Joins Canada partly as a result of the Second World War At the time Newfoundland was seen as a small colony of Britain with 1200 settlements scattered along the coast. Relying entirely on fisheries, forestry and mining Newfoundland had governed itself from 1907-1934 when national debt let to Britain taking control

7.1 The War at Home (Political) The newfoundland economy improves during the Second World War The strategic location leads to the opening of bases Canada: Gander Botwood Goose Bay United States: Argentia St. Johns Stephenville Argentia The construction of these bases, and the need for people to run and maintain them stimulated the economy

7.1 The War at Home (Political) With a renewed economy Newfoundland needs to decide its future There are three options: 1. Remain under the commission of government (British control) 2. Return to responsible government. (Newfoundland as its own Country) 3. Join Canada (Promoted by Joseph R. Smallwood)

7.1 The War at Home (Political) Two referendums are held: In the first no option has more than 50% of the vote, commission is dropped as it has the least votes In the second Joining Canada wins 52.3% to 47.7%

Chapter 7 The Homefront Part 2: Ethnic and Cultural Relationships Social Studies 9 Chapter 7 The Homefront Part 2: Ethnic and Cultural Relationships

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Internment Camps: Factors that heighten fears include: After Pearl Harbour that the Japanese would attack the rest of North America. Long standing anti- Asian discrimination Anti Asian propaganda that bred hatred and fear

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Canada’s solution was to intern Japanese Canadians Intern: To hold someone against their will. The first camps are set up in British Columbia’s interior Internment camps would hold 22 096 Japanese Canadians Some people were sent to the Prairies or Ontario to work in camps

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations How Internment Worked Japanese Canadians were taken from their homes Their businesses and possessions were confiscated Japanese citizens would never be paid for their losses Families were torn apart: men to work camps women and children to internment camps

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Who else was Interned: Camp 70 near Minto, New Brunswick Held German and Italian POWs Held Canadians thought to be a security threat

Jewish Refugees Anti-Semitism existed in Canada before the war Some towns and businesses put up signs stating Jews were not welcome Jews could not hold some professions Jews could not buy land in some areas

Jewish Refugees Canada’s treatment of Jewish refugees was racist In 1930-1931 the government bans all non farmer immigrants from countries other than Britain and the United States. Even though Canada knows of the Nazi policies toward Jewish people they only allow 4000 to enter the country from 1930-1939 Some Jewish refugees are even kept at Camp 70 due to their Austrian or German citizenship

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Democracy for All? The changes that begin during World War 2 lead to a re-examination of Canada’s ethnocentric policies Many Canadians change their views about marginalized groups due to their service and sacrifice during the war African-Canadians First Nations Chinese Canadians

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations African Canadians At the beginning of the war African Canadians faced discrimination. Only when casualties began to rise were they accepted into the armed forces. Most joined the army as the navy and air force still had discriminatory policies. After the war African Canadians were not prepared to accept further discrimination. This was the catalyst that led to the civil rights movement.

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Lester “Bub” Brown

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations First Nations In 1939 First Nations had to give up their status to vote in elections 3000 Status First Nations volunteer for war They fight to protect rights that they are denied (right to vote) After the war discrimination continued First Nations do not get unrestricted voting rights until 1960

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Tommy Prince

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Tommy Prince

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Chinese Canadians Not allowed to vote Faced discrimination in society, especially in British Columbia Were not allowed to join military unitl 1940 Many were recruited to fight behind enemy lines in the Pacific Gained the right to vote in 1947.

7.2 Ethnic and Cultural Relations Chinese Canadians