Introduction to Highway Engineering BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Introduction to Highway Engineering

1.1 SCOPE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin 1.1 SCOPE OF HIGHWAY ENGINEERING Engineering discipline branching from civil engineering Involves the design, construction and maintenance of highway systems. Became prominent towards the latter half of the 20th Century after World War 2. Standards of highway engineering are continuously being improved. Highway engineers must take into account future traffic flows, design of highway intersections/interchanges, geometric alignment and design, highway pavement materials and design, structural design of pavement thickness, and pavement maintenance. Most developed nations have extensive highway networks

(Good level of service) TRAFFIC FLOW (Good level of service)

TRAFFIC FLOW (Congested)

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin INTERSECTION

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin INTERCHANGE

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin GEOMETRICAL DESIGN

HIGHWAY MATERIALS SOIL BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin HIGHWAY MATERIALS SOIL

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin SAND

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin AGGREGATE

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin BITUMEN

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ASPHALT CONCRETE

THICKNESS DESIGN ? mm ? mm ? mm BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin THICKNESS DESIGN ? mm ? mm ? mm

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ASPHALT DISTRESS

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE

1.2 HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND ADMINISTRATION BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin 1.2 HIGHWAY SYSTEM AND ADMINISTRATION ROAD ELEMENTS A diagram showing the cross-sectional elements of a divided rural highway

An actual divided rural highway BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD ELEMENTS An actual divided rural highway An actual divided rural highway

ROAD ELEMENTS TRAVEL LANE BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD ELEMENTS TRAVEL LANE Main elements of the roadway, as they provide the path for travel. Influences the safety and comfort of driving. On the local highway system, travel lane widths generally vary between: 2.5 m (R1/U1) 3.5 m (R5/U5/R6/U6) depending on functional classification, traffic volumes, and project scope of work

ROAD ELEMENTS MEDIAN Median is also known as the central reservation BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD ELEMENTS MEDIAN Median is also known as the central reservation Median design depends on the functional class of the highway, design speed, type of access management proposed, availability of right-of-way, construction costs, maintenance considerations, the anticipated ultimate development of the facility, operations at crossroad intersections, and field conditions. The median width is measured from the inside edge of the two traveled ways and includes inside shoulders and/or median curb and gutters. Median width varies from a minimum of 1.0 m (Type III urban street) to 18.0 m (rural expressway). The principal functions of a median are to provide the desired freedom from the interference of opposing traffic, to provide a recovery area for out-of- control vehicles, to provide for speed changes, to provide storage of right turning and U-turning vehicles, and to provide for future lanes.

ROAD ELEMENTS SHOULDER BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD ELEMENTS SHOULDER - The road shoulder is a reserved area by the verge of the road. - It may be either paved (HMA or concrete) or unpaved (aggregate or turf). Shoulder width varies from a minimum of 1.5 m to 3.0 m, depending on the road standard and type of terrain. For roads on difficult terrain and low volumes, a minimum of 0.6 m can be considered. - The functions of road shoulder include: • provide structural support for the traveled way • provide support for guardrail and prevents erosion around guardrail posts • prevent or minimize pavement edge drop-offs • provide space for emergency and discretionary stop • improve roadside safety by providing more recovery area for run-off-the- road vehicles • facilitate maintenance operations • facilitate pavement drainage • provide space for pedestrian and bicycle use

ROAD ELEMENTS CLEAR ZONE BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD ELEMENTS CLEAR ZONE Clear zone is defined as the total roadside border area, starting at the edge of the traveled way, available for safe use by errant vehicles. Simply stated, it is an unobstructed, relatively flat area beyond the edge of the traveled way that allows a driver to stop safely or regain control of a vehicle that leaves the traveled way. - This area may consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, a non-recoverable slope, and/or a clear run-out area. - The desired minimum width is dependent upon traffic volumes and speeds and on the roadside geometry.

ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA - Malay Peninsula started since the British Colonial. Tin mining and rubber industry The first road was built in Perak, linking Kamunting and Ujung Tembo. The construction then was extended to Pulau Pinang. Lembah Kinta – from Taiping to Ipoh in 1891. Currently, Peninsula Malaysia has about 847.7 kilometers of road linking North Malaysia to South Malaysia. The total length of highway throughout Malaysia is about 1192 kilometers, including expressways such as NKVE, ELITE, KESAS and BESRAYA. More highways are being constructed, the latest being the East-Coast Highway, in order to make Malaysia one of countries in Asia which has the best road systems, besides Japan and China.

ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA Green line North – South Highway network map (source: PLUS)

STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROADS BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin STANDARDS AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF ROADS

APPLICATION OF STANDARDS BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin APPLICATION OF STANDARDS Standard Description R6 / U6 - highest geometric design standard - serves long trips with high speeds, comfort and safety - with divided carriageway - full access control - e.g. rural and urban expressways R5 / U5 - high geometric design standard - serves long to intermediate trips with high to medium speeds - partial access control - e.g. highways, primary roads and arterials R4 / U4 - medium geometric standard - serves intermediate trip lengths with medium speeds - e.g. primary roads, secondary roads, minor arterials and major collectors R3 / U3 - low geometric standard - serves mainly local traffic - partial or no access control - e.g. secondary roads, collectors and major local streets

APPLICATION OF STANDARDS BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin APPLICATION OF STANDARDS R2/ U2 - lowest geometric standard for two-way flow - applied only to local traffic with low volumes of vehicles of commercial traffic - e.g. minor roads and local streets R1 / U1 - very low geometric standard - applied to very low traffic where the chances of two-way flow is low R1a applied to local access to restricted areas such as access to microwave stations and security areas U1a applied to local access to low cost housing areas

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD CLASSIFICATION

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ROAD CLASSIFICATION

Divided interstate highways for through traffic BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin RURAL ROAD Expressways Divided interstate highways for through traffic Has full access control With grade separated intersections For fast traveling Serve long trips Provide higher traveling speed and comfort Designed to the highest standards

Constitute the interstate national network BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Highways Constitute the interstate national network Complement the expressway network Link up directly or indirectly the federal and state Capitals, and points of entry/exit to the country Serve long to intermediate trips High to medium speed Smooth traffic is provided Partial access control

Constitute the major roads forming the basic network within a state BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Primary Roads Constitute the major roads forming the basic network within a state Serve intermediate trip lengths and medium traveling speeds Smooth traffic is provided Partial access control Link up state and district capitals or other major towns

Constitute the major roads forming the basic BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Secondary Roads Constitute the major roads forming the basic network within a district or regional development areas Serve intermediate trips Partial access control Link up major towns within the district or regional development areas

Apply to all roads other than those described above BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Minor Roads Apply to all roads other than those described above Form the basic road network within a land scheme or other inhabited areas Include roads with special functions such as holiday resort roads, security roads or access roads to microwave stations Serve local traffic with short trip lengths Partial or no access control

Divided highways for through traffic BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin URBAN ROAD Expressways Divided highways for through traffic Form the basic network in urbanized area Has full access control With grade separated intersections For fast traveling Serve long trips Provide higher traveling speed and comfort Designed to the highest standards Complement the rural expressways

Continuous roads with partial access control for through traffic BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Arterials Continuous roads with partial access control for through traffic Convey traffic from residential areas to the vicinity of the central business district, or from one part of the city to another which does not intend to penetrate identifiable neighbourhood Smooth traffic flow is essential since they carry large traffic volumes

Roads with partial access control designed to BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Collectors Roads with partial access control designed to serve on a collector/distributor of traffic between arterials and local road systems Major roads which penetrate and serve identifiable neighbourhood, commercial areas and industrial areas Local Streets The basic network within a neighbourhood and serves to offer direct access to abutting land Links to the collector roads and thus serve short trip lengths Through traffic should be discouraged

Village/District road BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin Tolled Highway Federal Road State Road Level of road Local Authority Road Village/District road

ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ROADS BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF ROADS No Organization Task 1 Economic Planning Unit (EPU) Form and plan policies – economy 2 Highway Planning Unit (HPU) Planning of the development 3 Malaysian Highway Authority (MHA) Lembaga Lebuhraya Malaysia (LLM) Focusing on the highways 4 Public Work Department (JKR) Authority 5 Road Transport Department (JPJ) Road safety 6 Commercial Vehicle Licensing Board (LPKP) Permit of commercial vehicle 7 The Traffic Branch of State Police Enforcement of rules 8 Department of Town and Country Planning (JPBD) Carry out planning of transportation system 9 Local Authorities (PBT) Plan and develop within the areas 10 Department of Environment (JAS) Control the environment

BFC 31802 Highway Engineering Lecturer: Mustafa Kamal b. Shamshuddin