HIV/AIDS By: Khatiga Shervani , Karla Molina, Tiffany Cordero, and Claribel Torres Ms. Green and Ms. Geshke Period 3

HIV/AIDS HIV was first reported in Belgian, Congo in 1959. It is one of the world’s leading causes of death. Scientists believe that HIV/AIDS was started in Africa. It started by contact with an infected monkey's blood during butchering and cooking may have allowed the virus to cross into humans and become HIV. - http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hiv-aids/DS00005/DSECTION=causes In the early years of HIV, it was unknown and feared fatal.

How HIV/AIDS is Spread It is spread by, sexual contact mother to child and blood transfusion

Diagnosis and Prognosis HIV is most commonly diagnosed by testing your blood or saliva for the presence of antibodies to the virus. If you do not take antiretroviral you have 10 to 11 years until HIV is progressed. Once HIV is progressed to AIDS there is an increased risk of death. Medication against HIV has only been available since 1996. Doctors do not yet know how long people will live with the HIV infection if they are tested early and treated appropriately.

How HIV Affects the Cell Once HIV enters the human body, it attaches itself to a White Blood Cell (WBC) called CD4. Also, called T4 cells, they are the main disease fighters of the body. Whenever there is an infection, CD4 cells lead the infection-fighting army of the body to protect it from falling sick. Damage of these cells, hence can affect a person's disease-fighting capability and general health.

A Video on How HIV Affects the Immune System and More Information http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U2h0ECyMWhE HIV destroys helper T-cells | Biology | Anatomy | Immunology

Treatment HIV can not be cured but can be treated. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). NNRTIs disable a protein needed by HIV to make copies of itself. Examples include efavirenz (Sustiva), etravirine (Intelence) and nevirapine (Viramune). Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). NRTIs are faulty versions of building blocks that HIV needs to make copies of itself. Examples include Abacavir (Ziagen), and the combination drugs emtricitabine and tenofovir (Truvada), and lamivudine and zidovudine (Combivir).

(continued) Protease inhibitors (PIs). PIs disable protease, another protein that HIV needs to make copies of itself. Examples include atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista), fosamprenavir (Lexiva) http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hiv- aids/DS00005/DSECTION=treatments-and- drugsand ritonavir (Norvir). Entry or fusion inhibitors. These drugs block HIV's entry into CD4 cells. Examples include enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry). Integrase inhibitors. Raltegravir (Isentress) works by disabling integrase, a protein that HIV uses to insert its genetic material into CD4 cells.

When Should the Treatment Begin You have severe symptoms Your CD4 count is under 500 You're pregnant You have HIV-related kidney disease You're being treated for hepatitis B

Side Affects Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea Abnormal heartbeats Shortness of breath Skin rash Weakened bones Bone death, particularly in the hip joints

Prevention The most common way to prevent HIV/AIDS is less sexual contact. Another way is by getting tested before sexual contact. Also by using a condom.

HIV Symptoms The symptoms of HIV/AIDS are listed below, but often there is are no symptoms. Symptoms for primary HIV are: Fever Muscle soreness Rash Headache Sore throat Mouth or genital ulcers Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck Joint pain Night sweats Diarrhea. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hiv- aids/DS00005/DSECTION=symptoms

(continued) Some symptoms of early HIV are: Fever Fatigue Swollen lymph nodes — often one of the first signs of HIV infection Weight loss Cough and shortness of breath http://www.mayoclinic.com/ health/hiv- aids/DS00005/DSECTION =symptoms

(continued) And progression to aids are: Soaking night sweats Shaking chills or fever higher than 100 F (38 C) for several weeks Cough and shortness of breath Chronic diarrhea Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on your tongue or in your mouth. Headaches Persistent, unexplained fatigue Blurred and distorted vision Weight loss Skin rashes or bumps http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hiv- aids/DS00005/DSECTION=symptoms

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