Brian Burkhart Christine Cocchia Jessica Kestler Amanda Langenauer The Endocrine System Brian Burkhart Christine Cocchia Jessica Kestler Amanda Langenauer

General Regulates: - metabolism - growth/development - puberty - tissue function - determining mood

General, continued Information signaling system Regulated mostly by negative feedback Main hormone production within the body

What’s in it. Hormones & glands. Hormones- transfer info from one cell to another Glands – group of cells that produce and give off chemicals. ( 7 major glands )

1) Hypothalamus Located at lower central part of brain Secretes hormones that affect pituitary gland - controls: - water balance - appetite - sleep - blood pressure - temperature

Hypothalamus

2) Pituitary Considering the most important part “ master gland “ Located at the base of the brain Controls many functions of other glands has two parts: anterior lobe & posterior lobe

2) Pituitary, continued the anterior lobe produces hormones regulated by the hypothalamus The posterior lobe produces hormones that are not regulated by the hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

3) Thyroid Located in the lower front part of the neck Produces hormones that regulate metabolism Also helps with bone growth, development of the brain, & nervous system.

3) Thyroid, continued Helps maintain normal: - blood pressure - heart rate - digestion - muscle tone - reproductive function

Thyroid

4) Parathyroid Glands Two pairs of small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid Regulates calcium levels & bone metabolism

Parathyroid

5) Adrenal Glands Triangular-shaped & located on top of both kidneys two parts: adrenal cortex & medulla

5) Adrenal Glands, cont. adrenal medulla: - adrenal cortex - metabolism - balance of salt/water - helps immune system - sexual function adrenal medulla: - produces hormones that help the body deal with physical and emotional stress

The Adrenal Glands

6) Pineal Body Located at the middle of the brain Secretes melatonin which helps with the wake-sleep cycle

Pineal Body

7) Reproductive Glands Main source of sex hormones female reproductive organ: ovaries Male reproductive organ: testes

Reproductive Glands, cont. Ovaries: - located on both sides of the uterus - produces estrogen, progesterone, and eggs

Reproductive Glands, cont. Testes: - located in the scrotum - produces androgens (ex. Testosterone) - sexual development & hair growth - produces sperm

How it works. Once a hormone is produced and secreted, it travel from the gland it was produced in through the bloodstream to the target cell.

How it works, cont.

How it works, cont. During travel, proteins bind to some of the hormones and this affects how much of the hormone is available to interact with the cells

How it works, cont. Each hormone also has a receptor. The receptor is to make sure it only binds with the cells its supposed too.

How it works, cont. One the target cell is reached, both the receptor on the hormone and the receptor on the target cell bind. - allows information to be transmitted

How it works, cont. Since the endocrine system runs off of negative feedback.. There are further mechanisms that control levels of specific hormones.

Example of negative feedback When calcium levels rise, parathyroid glands sense this change and there for ‘turns off’ the production of that specific hormone until needed again.

Example of negative feedback

Diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia or elevated blood glucose Type 1 -Due to insulin deficiency - More serious - Occurs very rapidly or suddenly Type 2 - Due to insulin resistance - Slow - Symptoms take years to take effect

Insulin When not enough insulin is produced by the pancreas insulin deficiency occurs. Insulin resistance has enough insulin being produced by cells are resistant to it’s action.

Diabetes Symptoms Slow wound/bacteria healing Increased urine output Body loses energy Sudden weight loss Excessive thirst and hunger Slow wound/bacteria healing Frequent urinary tract infections Blurred vision

Treatment Type 1: Provide body with insulin Tight blood glucose control Eat healthy foods Early intensive insulin treatment Type 2: Control blood glucose and hemoglobin levels Diet and exercise daily Reduce complications in small blood vessels

Islet Cell Transplant New Experimental cure for Type 1 Diabetes Takes place in labs Technicians extract and purify islet cells from donor’s pancreas. Surgeon directs tube through opening made in abdomen. Then infuses islet cells to liver Cells move into small blood vessels and start to produce more insulin After surgery: must continue insulin injections and take blood sugar

Islet Cell Transplant

Diabetes Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3F38Q2RKt4

Osteoporosis Causes bones to become weak, thin, or breakable If Osteoporosis runs in your family there is a 60-80% on inheriting the disease. Prevention: calcium in diet and reduce drinking and smoking

osteoporosis

Osteoporosis Symptoms “Silent Disease” Minimal symptoms Sudden strain, bump, or fall leads to bone fracture. Dull pain in lower back and neck

Osteoporosis Treatment Diet should contain protein, calcium, and Vitamin D Estrogen Replacement Therapy stops bone loss Calcitonin is an injectable nasal spray enables body to hold on to more calcium. Regular exercise

Cushing’s Syndrome Caused by high levels of cortisol in blood Pituitary gland does not respond with negative feedback

Cushing’s Syndrome Warnings: Rapid weight gain, excessive sweating, and thinning on skin Depression and anxiety Depresses the immune and inflammatory responses

Cushing’s Syndrome Diagnosis Dexamethasone suppression test 24-hour urinary measurement Sampling cortisol in saliva

Cushing’s Syndrome Treatment Tapering off steroids Surgical removal of adrenal adenoma and/or corticotrophic pituitary adenoma If both adrenal glands are removed, must be replaced with hydrocorisone or prednisolone is imperative.

Cushing’s Syndrome