Psychological Disorders Criteria for considering a behavior disordered: Disturbing Atypical Maladaptive Unjustifiable

Understanding Disorders Medical Model internalizes the “illness” Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective disorder stems from physiological factors + past/present experiences

Classifying Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) provides diagnostic criteria prevalence data case illustrations

Comorbidity of Disorders Psychological Disorders 09/15/99 Comorbidity of Disorders Many people who have psychological disorders experience more than one diagnosable disorder at the same time. Figure 14-02 from Davis, S.F., & Palladino, J.J. (1997). Psychology, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.G., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H.-U., & Kenderl, K.S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19. ©1999 Prentice Hall 4

Anxiety Disorders Components: Kinds distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety Kinds Generalized Anxiety Disorder Phobias (most commonly bugs, mice, snakes, heights, …) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Explanations Conditioning Observation Genetic Classical Operant generalization Operant reinforcement Observation learn by seeing others Genetic twin studies

Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia failure to recall events Dissociative Fugue failure to recall past and run away Dissociative Identity Disorder “multiple personalities”

Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, loss of interest, etc. last two weeks or more w/o obvious cause. Bipolar Disorder “manic-depressive”

Depression: Age of First Onset Psychological Disorders 09/15/99 Depression: Age of First Onset Depression is seldom identified before adolescence Diagnosed increases in early adulthood Most commonly diagnosed in middle age First diagnosis rare among the elderly Figure 16.6 from: Kassin, S. (1998). Psychology, second edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Lewinsohn, P.M., Duncan, E.M., Stanton, A.K., & Hautzinger, M. (1986). Age at first onset of nonbipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 378-383. ©1999 Prentice Hall 12

Explanations Genetic Social-Cognitive twin/family studies neurotransmitter studies norepinephrine, serotonin what about lag? Social-Cognitive attributions (stable, global , internal) correlations? and “vicious cycles”

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia Marked by: disorganized thinking disturbed perception “word salad” delusions disturbed perception hallucinations (usually auditory) inappropriate actions and emotions laughing at death - or - lack of affect compulsive - or - catatonic

Explanations Genetic/ Physiological dopamine over-activity twin studies brain abnormalities

Schizophrenia: A Brain Disorder Psychological Disorders 09/15/99 Schizophrenia: A Brain Disorder Schizophrenics had enlarged ventricles (see arrows) compared to normal sibling Figure 14-09 from Davis, S.F., & Palladino, J.J. (1997). Psychology, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Source: Suddarth, R.L., Christison, G.W., Torrey, E.F., Casanova, M.F., & Weinberger, D.R. (1990). Anatomical abnormalities in the brains of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 789-794. ©1999 Prentice Hall 20

Personality Disorders Definition: inflexible and enduring patterns of behavior that impair one’s social functioning. Histrionic Display shallow, attention-getting emotions. Narcissistic Exaggerate importance (aided by fantasies) Anti-Social Lack of a conscience for wrong-doing.