Chapter 1: Policing in America

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Topics to Cover The Concept and Mandate of the Police Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector Levels of Policing A Changing Landscape Additional Types of Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

The Concept and Mandate of the Police Discuss the concepts and mandate of the police in American society The Concept and Mandate of the Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Police LO 1:1: Discuss the concepts and mandate of the police in American society The Concept and Mandate of the Police Police officers are specially designated citizens whose functions include order maintenance, provision of services, and law enforcement. Law enforcement officers are specially designated citizens who focus on enforcing laws through detection and apprehension. Police use training and discretion to protect individual rights and maintain order. The Concept and Mandate of the Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Police Police officers Maintain order, provide service, enforce the law Law enforcement officers Enforce the law through detection and apprehension Balance of protecting individual rights and maintaining order LO 1:1: Discuss the concepts and mandate of the police in American society The Concept and Mandate of the Police Police officers are specially designated citizens whose functions include order maintenance, provision of services, and law enforcement. Law enforcement officers are specially designated citizens who focus on enforcing laws through detection and apprehension. Police use training and discretion to protect individual rights and maintain order. The Concept and Mandate of the Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector Describe the difficulty associated with attempting to make generalizations about law enforcement and the scope of the functions they perform Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Scope of Law Enforcement Police officers work in a range of settings: Cities, suburbs, rural areas College campuses, U.S. borders Under cover Private communities Administrative capacities LO 1.2: Describe the difficulty associated with attempting to make generalizations about law enforcement and the scope of the functions they perform Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector Uniformed and armed police officers may work in a wide variety of settings: Large metropolitan, suburban, and rural areas College campuses On the borders between the United States and other countries, in airports and harbors Under cover Private communities or commercial areas In administrative or technical capacities. Scope of the Law Enforcement Sector Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States Levels of Policing Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Levels of Policing LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States Levels of Policing Officers employed at the international, federal, state, county, and municipal levels. In 2008 there were over 1.1 million police personnel employed full-time at the, state and local (city, county, suburban) levels in approximately 18,000 agencies. State and local agencies range in personnel size from 36,000 (New York City) to agencies with only one sworn officer. Levels of Policing Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Levels of Policing LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States Levels of Policing Officers employed at the international, federal, state, county, and municipal levels. In 2008 there were over 1.1 million police personnel employed full-time at the, state and local (city, county, suburban) levels in approximately 18,000 agencies. State and local agencies range in personnel size from 36,000 (New York City) to agencies with only one sworn officer. Levels of Policing Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Levels of Policing International, federal, state, county, and municipal levels Over 1.1 million police personnel across ~18,000 agencies LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States Levels of Policing Officers employed at the international, federal, state, county, and municipal levels. In 2008 there were over 1.1 million police personnel employed full-time at the, state and local (city, county, suburban) levels in approximately 18,000 agencies. State and local agencies range in personnel size from 36,000 (New York City) to agencies with only one sworn officer. Levels of Policing Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Levels of Policing State police Jurisdiction within state Traffic control Federal law enforcement U.S. marshals established in 1789 U.S. Secret Service Customs and Border Protection > 100,000 federal agents LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States State Police Law enforcement services anywhere in state; traffic control Other services may include those involving communications or computer systems; crime-scene analysis and multijurisdictional investigations; collect, analyze, and disseminate information on crime patterns; aircraft support; underwater search and rescue; park security; regulation of liquor and gambling related activities Federal Law Enforcement In 1789 U.S. marshals were the first police established for the purpose of enforcing directives of the federal courts The United States Secret Service was founded in 1865 as a branch of the U.S. Treasury Department – today, its purpose includes: Protect the president, vice president, and others; and Investigate crimes against the financial infrastructure of the United States Customs and Border Protection is part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); responsibilities include managing borders, preventing unlawful travel and trade, coordinating police activities among agencies at various levels Over 100,000 federal officers (agents); few are uniformed; duties generally include investigation and control of federal crimes, protecting federal officials and property Levels of Policing Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Levels of Policing LO 1.3: Identify the various levels and types of policing in the United States State Police Law enforcement services anywhere in state; traffic control Other services may include those involving communications or computer systems; crime-scene analysis and multijurisdictional investigations; collect, analyze, and disseminate information on crime patterns; aircraft support; underwater search and rescue; park security; regulation of liquor and gambling related activities Federal Law Enforcement In 1789 U.S. marshals were the first police established for the purpose of enforcing directives of the federal courts The United States Secret Service was founded in 1865 as a branch of the U.S. Treasury Department – today, its purpose includes: Protect the president, vice president, and others; and Investigate crimes against the financial infrastructure of the United States Customs and Border Protection is part of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS); responsibilities include managing borders, preventing unlawful travel and trade, coordinating police activities among agencies at various levels Over 100,000 federal officers (agents); few are uniformed; duties generally include investigation and control of federal crimes, protecting federal officials and property Levels of Policing Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States A Changing Landscape Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. A Changing Landscape Unmanned aerial vehicles US Patriot Act Economic downturn LO 1.4: Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States A Changing Landscape Police agencies vary in many ways; policing environments rapidly change in many ways Increase in unmanned aerial vehicles for law enforcement US Patriot Act extends government authority to trace communication Economic downturn in 2008 led to decrease in police officers in some areas A Changing Landscape Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. A Changing Landscape LO 1.4: Discuss some of the current concerns of police in the United States A Changing Landscape Police agencies vary in many ways; policing environments rapidly change in many ways Increase in unmanned aerial vehicles for law enforcement US Patriot Act extends government authority to trace communication Economic downturn in 2008 led to decrease in police officers in some areas A Changing Landscape Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Additional Types of Police Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform Additional Types of Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Additional Types of Police Private police Security, private investigators, military contractors Special jurisdiction police University police, school police, transportation agencies Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs County services, courthouse maintenance Only remaining elected law enforcement LO 1.5: Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform Private Police At least 1.2 million private security personnel ranging from private security, to executive protection, to private investigators, to contract employees for the military Special Jurisdiction Police Include college and university police, public and private school police, agencies that serve transportation systems and facilities Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs Sheriff’s departments provide police services to counties Sheriffs are one of the only elected law enforcement officials still in existence today Additional law enforcement duties include maintaining security of courthouses, jurors, and other court functions; as well as supervising jail and inmates Additional Types of Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Additional Types of Police Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police Assist regular police Conservation Police Officers, Game Wardens Enforcement in state parks Tribal Police Officers Enforcement on tribal lands Significant overlap between jurisdictions LO 1.5: Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police These officers assist regular police Can be part-time, unarmed or armed, paid or volunteer; training varies Conservation Police Officers, Game Wardens Usually have full police authority and jurisdiction; enforcement generally in state parks Enforcement duties include criminal, vehicle, wildlife, and watercraft laws Tribal Police Officers As of 2008, American Indian tribes operated 178 law enforcement agencies Most are general purpose police agencies; others enforce natural resource laws Significant jurisdictional overlap between police agencies The type of agency to become involved depends on the type and location of the offense and agreements between agencies Additional Types of Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Additional Types of Police LO 1.5: Summarize the additional types of police and the functions they perform Auxiliary/Reserve/Special Police These officers assist regular police Can be part-time, unarmed or armed, paid or volunteer; training varies Conservation Police Officers, Game Wardens Usually have full police authority and jurisdiction; enforcement generally in state parks Enforcement duties include criminal, vehicle, wildlife, and watercraft laws Tribal Police Officers As of 2008, American Indian tribes operated 178 law enforcement agencies Most are general purpose police agencies; others enforce natural resource laws Significant jurisdictional overlap between police agencies The type of agency to become involved depends on the type and location of the offense and agreements between agencies Additional Types of Police Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Policing in America Discussion Questions From end of chapter Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Discussion Questions Why is it so difficult to discuss and generalize about the police in the United States? Discuss the various levels of public police in the United States. What are some of the problems inherent in policing? What are some of the issues currently confronting American police? Describe the different levels of policing in the United States From end of chapter Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications. Discussion Or… Questions Case Study Exercise Review Looking Ahead Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.

Open-Access Student Resources Action plan Quizzes eFlashcards Video and audio links SAGE journal articles Policing in Practice videos edge.sagepub.com/coxpolicing3e Cox, Introduction to Policing. © 2016, SAGE Publications.