Matter

Outline Properties of Matter Changes in Matter States of matter Physical properties Chemical properties Changes in Matter Physical changes Chemical changes Law of Conservation of Mass Mixtures, Elements and Compounds Heterogeneous, Homogeneous mixtures Separating Mixtures Elements and Compounds

What is matter? Everything in the universe is made of matter. Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms.

States of Matter All matter exists as one of the three physical forms, which are called the states of matter. Solid Liquid Gas Definite Shape Definite Volume Particles held tightly together

Physical Properties A physical property is a characteristic of matter that can be observed directly or measured without changing the substance’s composition. Examples of Physical Properties are: Boiling point Ductility Melting point Elasticity Density Brittleness Color Odor Malleability

Chemical Properties Characteristic of matter that can only be observed when one substance changes into a different substance Examples of Chemical Properties: Flammability Reactivity with acids Ability to rust

Identifying Changes Physical Changes Physical state Chemical Changes

Types of Change Type of Change Products of Change Physical Change No new substance, but physical state is changed. Example:_____________________ Chemical Change New substances are formed. Also called a chemical reaction.

Chemical Reactions Color Change Temperature change Change in odor A chemical reaction is a process in which atoms of one or more substances rearrange to form one or more new substances. When a new substance(s) is formed, there are indications. Color Change Change in odor Formation of Bubbles Formation of Precipitate Temperature change Light

Conservation of Mass The Law of Conservation of Mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction. Mass is always conserved in a chemical reaction.

Chemical Reactions and Chemical Equations Chemical reactions are written in the form of a chemical equation. The starting substances are called the reactants. The substances produced, or formed, are called the products. Reactant + Reactant  Product + Product Eg.

Elements and Compounds An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by any means. Each element has a name and a chemical symbol. Elements are organized in the periodic table. A compound is made up of two or more different elements that are combined chemically.

Mixtures A mixture is a combination of two or more pure substances. Each substance in a mixture keeps its chemical properties. A pure substance is a substance that is the same throughout. Example:

Compounds: Law of Definite Proportions A compound is always composed of the same elements in the same proportion by mass. Mass of a compound = sum of the masses of the elements that make up the compound

Compounds: Law of Multiple Proportions When different compounds are formed by a combination of the same elements, If two elements form more than one compound between them, then the ratios of the masses of the second element (which combine with a fixed mass of the first element) will be ratios of small whole numbers Example:

Elements, Mixtures and Compounds

Mixtures Types of Mixtures: Homogeneous: “the same” A mixture that has constant composition throughout. Example: Heterogeneous: “different” A mixture that does not blend smoothly and has a non-uniform composition

Separating Mixtures Because substances in a mixture are physically combined, the processes used to separate a mixture are physical (no need for chemical reactions) Filtration Distillation Crystallization Sublimation Chromatography

1. Filtration

2. Distillation

3. Crystallization Formation of pure solid particles of a substance from a solution containing the dissolved substance.

4. Sublimation or Evaporation Sublimation: Solid changes to vapor without melting Eg. Evaporation: Liquid changes to gas

5. Chromatography